60 Biological Properties Of Molds And Yeast

Front 1

Eymycota, or true fungi, comprise a phylogenetically distinct type of microorganism based on both _______ ribosomal sequencing and posession of ___________ _______ cristae

Back 1

18S ribosomal sequencing
lamellar mitochondrial cristae

Front 2

What are the five main groups recognized in Eumycota?

Back 2

1. zygomycetes
2. ascomycetes
3. archiascomycetes
4. basidiomycetes
5. deuteromycetes

Front 3

what group of Eumycota have never shown sexual reproduction stage?

Back 3

Deuteromycetes

Front 4

what does it mean to be a dimorphic fungi?

Back 4

able to shift between molds and yeast

Front 5

are fungi non-phototrophic/phototrophic eukaryotes?

Back 5

non-phototrophic eukaryotes

Front 6

how do fungi obtain nutrients?

Back 6

osmotrophic so they obtain them through absorption

Front 7

Describe some general characteristics of fungi.

Back 7

Non-phototrophic
eukaryotes
osmotrophic
capable of sexual and asexual reproduction
posses rigid cell walls
sporogenic

Front 8

how do fungi affect human life?

Back 8

1. cause disease (mycoses) in plants, animals, and humans
2. carry out biodegradation processes in the environment
3. Serve as basic research models
4. carry out fermentative processes which have been exploited industrially for the commercial production of food, beverages, metabolites, and pharmaceuticals

Front 9

describe the ecology of fungi

Back 9

Saprophytic
phytopathogens
biodegradation of complex organic macromolecules to low molecular weight nutrients and inorganic molecules

Front 10

True or False
Yeast are unicellular fungi

Back 10

True

Front 11

describe yeast general features

Back 11

unicellular fungi
contain single nucleus in each cell
reproduce asexually by either budding or transverse binary fission or sexually by sporulation
may form germ tubes or pseudohyphae
colonies appear much like large bacterial colonies on agar solidified growth media

Front 12

True or False
Molds are multicellular

Back 12

true

Front 13

describe mold general features

Back 13

exits in the form of long, branches, filaments called hyphae which grow by apical extension to form tangled aggregations of mycelia
reproduction is by asexual or sexual

Front 14

what does it mean to be a dimorphic fungi?

Back 14

soem pathogenic fungi are capable of changing from one form to the other (YM shift) and are therefore considered to be dimorphic in nature

Front 15

what are Zygomycota named for?

Back 15

thick walled sexual structures

Front 16

what are Ascomycota named for?

Back 16

characteristically produce sac-like structures

Front 17

what are Archiascomycoat named for?

Back 17

contains only the genus Pneumocystis

Front 18

what are Basidiomycota named for

Back 18

typically produce a club shaped cell

Front 19

what are deuteromycota named for?

Back 19

yeast and mold which do not exhibit a sexual phase

Front 20

where is growth optimal for fungi?

Back 20

growth is optimal in the presence of moisture and absence of light

Front 21

define saprophytic

Back 21

able to obtain nutrients from nonliving organic material

Front 22

how is the fungi provided with nutrition?

Back 22

they are osmotrophic
expression of genes for extracellular hydrolytic enzymes which degrade organic environmental biomass and macromolecules into lower molecular weight molecules. these water soluble molecules are then actively transported across the cell membrane

Front 23

True or false
Fungi are heterotrophic, chemotrophic, and organotrophic

Back 23

true

Front 24

what are the preferred source of carbone, energy, and electrons for fungi?

Back 24

Sugar carbohydrates

Front 25

what is the primary mechanism of storage for fungi?

Back 25

polysaccharide glycogen

Front 26

what type of respiration do most fungi use?

Back 26

Obligate aerobes

Front 27

what are notable species that exhibit fermentative catabolism?

Back 27

facultative yeast: Saccharomyces cereviseas for bread aerobically and wine anaerobically
Obligately anaerobic rumenant fungi

Front 28

what are characteristic cellular macromolecules which distinguish fungi from other eukaryotes and allow for chemotherapeutic selective toxicity?

Back 28

Chitin, glucan, or related polymers comprise rigid cell wall
Major sterol components of the cell membrane: Ergosterol & Zymosterol (not cholesterol)

Front 29

what is the entire fungal body referred to as?

Back 29

Thallus

Front 30

what type of ultrastructure do
Fungi exhibit?

Back 30

Eukaryotic cellular ultrastructure

Front 31

how do yeast elongate?

Back 31

by forming pseudohyphae or germ tubes

Front 32

what is the smallest free living eukaryotes?

Back 32

Fungi

Front 33

what are mold filaments referred to as?

Back 33

hyphae and grow in virtue of apical elongation

Front 34

Septate

Back 34

cells partitioned by crosswalls

Front 35

Nonseptate

Back 35

coenocytic and multinucleated

Front 36

what is the myceilum of a mold?

Back 36

tangles hyphae comprise of biomass

Front 37

what are colonies or mold referred to as?

Back 37

Floccoase (cottony like)

Front 38

Dematiaceous

Back 38

pigmented

Front 39

Hyaline

Back 39

nonpigmented

Front 40

what is a vegetative hyphae

Back 40

surface hyphae grow on and within medium where they absorb nutrients and water

Front 41

what are aerial hyphae

Back 41

reproductive/fruit producing hyphae that produce and disseminate spores

Front 42

Teleomorph

Back 42

fungal form which produces sexual spores

Front 43

Anamorph

Back 43

asexual spore producing form

Front 44

what is the state of fungi most often isolated from clinical specimens?

Back 44

Anamorph fungi

Front 45

describe general characteristics of Zygomycetes cellular morphology?

Back 45

molds within limited septate, coenocytic hyphae
produce sexual zygospores
asexual sporangiospores are contained within sporangia at the end of sporangiophores with columella tips
Root like rhizoids are common

Front 46

describe Ascomycetes cellular morphology?

Back 46

includes both yeast and molds with septate hyphae
sexual ascspores are produced in a sac-like ascus
asexual conidia are borne on conidiophores

Front 47

describe Archiascomycetes cellular morphology?

Back 47

sexual and asexual yeast like trophic, sporocyst, and cyst forms

Front 48

describe Basidiomycetes cellular morphology?

Back 48

sexual basidiospores are borne on club-shaped basidia

Front 49

desribe Deuteromycetes cellular morphology?

Back 49

includes both yeast and septate molds that lack sexual phase
Conidia produced on conidiophores or by hyphal fragmentation into arthroconidia

Front 50

what is involved in the reproductive stages of almost all fungi?

Back 50

Sporogenesis

Front 51

what does sexual reproduction involve in fungi?

Back 51

sexual reproduction involves fusion of compatible mating types (to include nuclei), mitosis, and meiosis

Front 52

what does asexual reproduction of fungi include?

Back 52

Mitosis only