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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Staphylococcal Wound Infections Causative Agent
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Staph aureus
-Coagulase -Clumping -Protein A -alpha toxin -Penicillin resistant |
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Staphylococcal Wound Infections Causative Agent
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S. epidermidis
-Bacteria have little or no invasive ability -Maintained on skin surface -Introduced into body from wound -Example: surgical incision |
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Staphylococcal Wound Infections
Prevention |
Prevention of infection is directed at:
-Cleansing wound -Removing dirt and crushed tissue -Prompt closure -Pre-surgical antistaphylococcal medication Surgical wound infections reduced by half |
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Staphylococcal Wound Infections
Treatment |
-Resistant to penicillins and vanomycin
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Group A Streptococcal Infections
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-Flesh Eaters
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Group A Staphylococcal Infections Causative Agent
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S. pyogenes
-B hemolytic -Gram (+) Exotoxins A and B responsible for virulence -easily treated |
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Group A Staphylococcal Infections
Epidemiology |
-Flesh eating
-9,000 cases in 2002 |
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Group A Staphylococcal Infections
prevention and Treatment |
-No prevention
-Urgent surgery required -Penicillin is an effective treatment -Must be given early |
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
Causative Agent |
P. aeruginosa
-Gram (-) -Faculative anaerobe -Flagellated |
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
Pathogenesis |
-Tissue Damafe
-Prevention of healing -Septic Shock Produce enzymes and toxins (Exoenzyme S, Toxin A, Phospholipase C) |
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections Epidemiology
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-Widespread in nature
-Introduced in hospitals on shoes, plants, produce -Persist dampness -Contaminates soaps, ointments, eye drops, swimming pools |
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Tetanus
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-Lockjaw
-Frequently fatal Bacterial spores |
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Tetanus Symptoms
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Early Symptoms
-Restlessness -Irritability -Difficulty swallowing -Contraction of jaw muscle Late Symptoms -Pain -Difficulty breathing -Death |
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Tetanus Causative Agent
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Clostridium tetani
-Anaerobic -Gram (+) -Rod shaped -Spore former Swarming growth |
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Tetanus Pathogenesis
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-Contained to wound
-Bacteria produce toxin -Tetanospasmin -Blocks inhibition of motor neurons, causing paralysis |
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Tetanus Epidemiology
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-Found in dirt, dust, and human GI tract
-Half of infections are from puncture wounds - 30-60 US cases/year -Immunization works |
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Tetanus Prevention/Treatment
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-Immunization is best prevention
-Inactivated tetanospasmin Treatment: -Thoroughly clean wound -Antimicrobial -Metronidazole -Antitoxin |
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Clostridial Myonecrosis (gas gangrene)
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-Primary disease of wartime
-Endospores of causative bacillus are innumerable |
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Clostridial Myonecrosis Symptoms
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-Begin abruptly
-Rapidly increasing pain -Increased swelling -Thin, bloody fluid leaks from wound -Skin is stretched with black spots -Patient is ill but alert |
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Clostridial Myonecrosis Causative Agent
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C. perfringens
-Encapsulated -Gram (+) bacillus |
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Clostridial Myonecrosis Pathogenesis
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-Bacteria is a toxin producer
-alpha toxins -attack host membrane -Bacteria unable to grow in healthy tissue -Bacteria produces gas through fermentation |
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Clostridial Myonecrosis Epidemiology
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-Bacteria found in feces
-Present in vaginal tract -Gas gangrene of uteris |
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Clostridial Myonecrosis Prevention/Treatment
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Prevention:
-No vaccine -Prompt cleaning of wound -Surgical removal of dead tissue Treatment: Hyperbaric oxygen treatment -Penicillin to halt growth -Amputation |
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Actinomycosis Causative Agent
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Actinomyces israelii
-Gram (+) -Filamentous -Branching -Anaerobic -Slow growing |
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Actinomycosis Pathogenesis
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-Can't penetrate healthy mucosa
-Infection characterized by cycles -Progresses to skin and bones and CNS -Grow as dense yellow colonies -50% of cases originate in mouth |
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Actinomycosis
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Epidemiology
-Can be found in normal flora -Sporadic and non-communicable |
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Pasteurella multocida
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-Responsible for bite infections from animals and humans
-More common than rabies |
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Pasteurella multocida Causative Agent
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Pasteurella multocida
-Gram (-) -Facultative anaerobe -Coccobacillus |
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Pasteurella multocida Pathogenesis
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-Some strains produce toxins
-Capsules resist phagocytosis |
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Cat Scratch Disease
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-Begins within a week of scratch or bite
-Development of pus-filled pimple -Painful enlargement of lymph nodes -Fever |
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Cat Scratch Disease Causative
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Bartonella henselae
-Gram (-) -Curved bacillus |
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Cat Scratch Disease Pathogenesis
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-Enters body through scratch bite
-Carried to lymph nodes -Complications arise in immunocompromised |
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Cat Scratch Disease Prevention/Disease
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Prevention:
-No prevention methods -Avoid handling stray cats -Clean wound Treatment: -Ampicillin -Some streams are resistant |
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Streptobacillary Rat Bite Fever Symptoms
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-Chills, fever, head, muscle ache, vomiting 2 to 10 days after wound heals
-Rash followed by joint pain |
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Streptobacillary Rat Bite Fever Causative Agent
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Streptobacillus moniliformis
-Gram (-) -Facultative anaerobe -Rod shaped -Some are L-forms |
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Streptobacillary Rat Bite Fever Pathogenesis
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Enters body through scratch or bite
-Enters bloodstream -Majority of cases are self-limiting -Some cause brain abscesses -7-10% of untreated cases are fatal |
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Streptobacillary Rat Bite Fever Prevention/Treatment
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-Rat control and care in handling
Treatment: -Penicillin for treatment -Given intravenously |
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Human Bite Symptoms
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-Painful with massive swelling
-Pus discharge -Most are on exterior of hand |
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Human Bite Pathogenesis
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-Anaerobic conditions for infection
-Mouth flora are usually harmless -Encapsulated flora resist phagocytosis -Facultative bacteria reduce available oxygen |
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Human Bite Prevention/treatment
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Prevention:
-Avoid altercations -Prompt cleaning -Antiseptic Treatment: -Opening wound -Washing with sterile fluid (saline) -Removal of dirt and dead skin -Antibacterial |
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Sporotrichosis
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-Rose gardener's disease
-Worldwide -Associated with puncture wound from vegetation -Sporadic |
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Sporotrichosis Symptoms
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-Hand or arm primary site of involvement
-Trunk, legs and face can also be infected -Chronic ulceration occurs at site of wound -Development of ulcerating nodules -Develop sequentially towards center of body -Lymph node enlargement -Healthy individuals rarely become ill -Can be life threatening to immunocompromised |
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Sporotrichosis Causative Agent
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Sporothric schenckii
-Dimorphic fungus -Lives in oil and on vegetation |
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Sporotrichosis Pathogenesis
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-Spores are inroduced via injury
-1-3 week incubation -Small nodules form -Ulceration causes skin bleeding -In healthy persons, disease doesnt get past lymph node |
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Sporotrichosis Prevention/Treatment
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-Protective clothing
-Often misdiagnosed -Usually cured with oral potassium iodide -Itroconazole and amphotericin B are used in rare cases |
