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263 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Question
|
Answer
|
|
|
Apoptosis aka
|
Programmed cell death.
|
|
|
Apoptosis characteristics
|
cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing, and formation of apoptotic bodies, which are then phagocytosed.
|
|
|
Apoptosis when
|
- embryogenesis, hormone -induction (menstruation), -immune cell– mediated death, - injurious stimuli (e.g., radiation, hypoxia), -atrophy.
|
|
|
Enzymatic degradation of a cell resulting from exogenous injury.
|
Necrosis
|
|
|
Characterized by enzymatic digestion and protein denaturation, with release of intracellular components.
|
Necrosis
|
|
|
Necrosis different types and there locations
|
Morphologically occurs as -coagulative (heart, liver, kidney), -liquefactive (brain), -caseous (tuberculosis), -fat (pancreas), -fibrinoid, or gangrenous (limbs, GI tract).
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Cellular swelling?
|
Reversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Nuclear chromatin clumping?
|
Reversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Decreased ATP synthesis?
|
Reversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Ribosomal detachment?
|
Reversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Glycogen depletion?
|
Reversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Plasma membrane damage?
|
Irreversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Lysosomal rupture?
|
Irreversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Ca2+ influx → oxidative phosphorylation?
|
Irreversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis?
|
Irreversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Mitochondrial permeability?
|
irreversible
|
|
|
Inflammation 5 features
|
Characterized by -rubor (redness), -dolor (pain), -calor (heat), -tumor (swelling) -functio lassa (loss of function).
|
|
|
cells in acute Inflammation
|
Neutrophil, eosinophil, and antibody mediated
|
|
|
cells in chronic Inflammation
|
Mononuclear cell mediated:
|
|
|
Phases of Inflammation
|
Fluid exudation Leukocyte activation Fibrosis Acute Chronic Resolution
|
|
|
What happens in different phases of Inflammation? Fluid exudation
|
Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, endothelial injury
|
|
|
What happens in different phases of Inflammation? Leukocyte activation
|
Emigration (rolling, tight binding, diapedesis) Chemotaxis (bacterial products, complement, chemokines) Phagocytosis and killing
|
|
|
What happens in different phases of Inflammation? Fibrosis
|
Fibroblast emigration and proliferation Deposition of ECM
|
|
|
What happens in different phases of Inflammation? Acute
|
Neutrophil, eosinophil, and antibody mediated
|
|
|
What happens in different phases of Inflammation? Chronic
|
Mononuclear cell mediated: Characterized by persistent destruction and repair Granuloma—nodular collections of macrophages and giant cells
|
|
|
What happens in different phases of Inflammation? Resolution 5 different outcomes
|
-Restoration of normal structure -Granulation tissue—highly vascularized, fibrotic -Abscess—fibrosis surrounding pus -Fistula—abnormal communication -Scarring—collagen deposition resulting in altered structure and function
|
|
|
Leukocyte extravasation what mediates Rolling?
|
E-selectin on vascular endothelium binding to Sialyl-LewisX on the leukocyte.
|
|
|
Leukocyte extravasation what mediates Tight binding?
|
ICAM-1 on vascular endothelium binding to LFA-1 on the leukocyte.
|
|
|
Stages of Leukocyte extravasation
|
1. Rolling 2. Tight binding 3. Diapedesis 4. Migration
|
|
|
Leukocyte extravasation what mediates migration?
|
chemotactic signals (e.g., cytokines).
|
|
|
What is Diapedisis
|
––leukocyte travels between endothelial cells and exits blood vessel.
|
|
|
Free radical injury what initiates it
|
Initiated via radiation exposure, metabolism of drugs (phase I), redox reaction, nitric oxide, transition metals, leukocyte oxidative burst.
|
|
|
Free radical injury when is it a big problem
|
reperfusion after thrombolytic therapy.
|
|
|
Free radical injury what are the antioxidants
|
(vitamins E and A).
|
|
|
• Abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of size, shape, and orientation
|
––dysplasia
|
|
|
• Normal cells with basal → apical differentiation
|
Normal cells
|
|
|
• Cells have increased in number–
|
hyperplasia
|
|
|
• Neoplastic cells have not invaded basement membrane • High nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and clumped chromatin • Neoplastic cells encompass entire thickness
|
• In situ carcinoma
|
|
|
• Cells have invaded basement membrane using collagenases and hydrolases • Can metastasize if they reach a blood or lymphatic vessel
|
Invasive carcinoma
|
|
|
-plasia definitions Hyperplasia
|
–– ↑ in number of cells (reversible).
|
|
|
-plasia definitions Metaplasia
|
––1 adult cell type is replaced by another (reversible). Often 2°
|
|
|
-plasia definitions Dysplasia–
|
–abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size in comparison to normal tissue maturation; commonly preneoplastic (reversible).
|
|
|
-plasia definitions Anaplasia
|
––abnormal cells lacking differentiation; like primitive cells of same tissue, often equated with undifferentiated malignant neoplasms.
|
|
|
-plasia definitions Neoplasia
|
––a clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive.
|
|
|
Tumor grade vs. stage describe
|
Grade = histo apperance, often based on the mitoses per high pwer field number Stage = ammount of spread based on site and size
|
|
|
Tumor grade vs. stage which is usually more prognostic
|
Stage
|
|
|
TNM staging system:
|
T = size of Tumor N = Node involvement M = Metastases
|
|
|
The term ?????? implies epithelial origin, whereas sarcoma denotes ???????origin. Both terms imply ?????.
|
carcinoma sarcoma malignancy
|
|
|
The term carcinoma implies ??????? origin, whereas sarcoma denotes ??????origin. Both terms imply ?????.
|
epithelial mesenchymal malignancy
|
|
|
Tumor nomenclature Benign tumor of Mesenchyme
|
Blood cells = There isn't one Blood vessels = Hemangioma Smooth muscle = Leiomyoma Skeletal muscle = Rhabdomyoma Bone = Osteoma Fat = Lipoma
|
|
|
Tumor nomenclature Benign vs malignant tumor of Epithelium
|
Adenoma, papilloma Adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma
|
|
|
Tumor nomenclature Benign vs malignant tumor of > 1 cell type
|
benign = mature teratoma malignint = Immature teratoma
|
|
|
Tumor nomenclature malignant tumor of Mesenchyme
|
Blood cells = Leukemia, lymphoma Blood vessels = Angiosarcoma Smooth muscle =Leiomyosarcoma Skeletal muscle = Rhabdomyosarcoma Bone = Osteosarcoma Fat = Liposarcoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Down syndrome?
|
ALL (we ALL fall Down), AML
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism?
|
Melanoma and basal, squamous cell carcinomas of skin
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants?
|
Gastric adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Tuberous sclerosis?
|
Astrocytoma and cardiac rhabdomyoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Actinic keratosis?
|
Squamous cell carcinoma of skin
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Barrett’s esophagus?
|
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome?
|
Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Cirrhosis (alcoholic, hepatitis B or C)?
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Ulcerative colitis?
|
Colonic adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Paget’s disease of bone?
|
2° osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Immunodeficiency states?
|
Malignant lymphomas
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with AIDS?
|
Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin’s) and Kaposi’s sarcoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Autoimmune diseases?
|
Benign and malignant thymomas
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Acanthosis nigricans?
|
Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Dysplastic nevus?
|
Malignant melanoma
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor abl
|
Oncogenes CML
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor c-myc
|
Oncogenes Burkitt’s lymphoma
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor bcl-2
|
Oncogenes Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis)
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor erb-B2
|
Oncogenes Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor ras
|
Oncogenes Colon carcinoma
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor L-myc
|
Oncogenes Lung tumor
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor N-myc
|
Oncogenes Neuroblastoma
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor ret
|
Oncogenes Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types II and III
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor Rb
|
Tumor suppressor Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor BRCA1 and 2
|
Tumor suppressor Breast and ovarian cancer
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor p53
|
Tumor suppressor Most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor p16
|
Tumor suppressor Melanoma
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor APC
|
Tumor suppressor Colorectal cancer
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor WT1
|
Tumor suppressor Wilms’ tumor
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor NF1
|
Tumor suppressor Neurofibromatosis type 1
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor NF2
|
Tumor suppressor Neurofibromatosis type 2
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor DPC
|
Tumor suppressor Pancreatic cancer
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor DCC
|
Tumor suppressor Colon cancer
|
|
|
Tumor markers PSA
|
Prostate-specific antigen. Prostatic carcinoma.
|
|
|
Tumor markers CEA
|
Very nonspecific but colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also others
|
|
|
Tumor markers α-fetoprotein
|
Hepatocellular carcinomas. yolk sac tumor
|
|
|
Tumor markers β-hCG
|
Hydatidiform moles, Choriocarcinomas, Gestational trophoblastic tumors.
|
|
|
Tumor markers CA-125
|
Ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors.
|
|
|
Tumor markers S-100
|
Melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas.
|
|
|
Tumor markers Alkaline phosphatase
|
-Metastases to bone, -obstructive biliary disease, -Paget’s disease of bone.
|
|
|
Tumor markers Bombesin
|
Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer.
|
|
|
Tumor markers TRAP
|
Hairy cell leukemia––a B-cell neoplasm.
|
|
|
Tumor markers CA-19-9
|
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
|
|
|
what is TRAP
|
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Hairy cell leukemia––a B-cell neoplasm.
|
|
|
Oncogenic viruses name the tumor associated with HTLV-1
|
Adult T-cell leukemia
|
|
|
Oncogenic viruses name the tumor associated with HBV, HCV
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma
|
|
|
Oncogenic viruses name the tumor associated with EBV
|
Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
|
|
|
Oncogenic viruses name the tumor associated with HPV
|
Cervical carcinoma (16, 18), penile/anal carcinoma
|
|
|
Oncogenic viruses name the tumor associated with HHV-8
|
Kaposi’s sarcoma, body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma
|
|
|
Types of HPV that cause CIN
|
16, 18
|
|
|
Cancer caused by Aflatoxins
|
Liver (hepatocellular carcinoma)
|
|
|
Cancer caused by Vinyl chloride
|
Liver (angiosarcoma)
|
|
|
Cancer caused by CCl4
|
Liver (centrilobular necrosis, fatty change)
|
|
|
Cancer caused by Nitrosamines
|
Esophagus, stomach
|
|
|
Cancer caused by Cigarette smoke
|
Larynx, lung, ...
|
|
|
Cancer caused by Asbestos
|
Lung (mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma)
|
|
|
Cancer caused by Arsenic
|
Skin (squamous cell carcinoma)
|
|
|
Cancer caused by Naphthalene (aniline) dyes
|
Bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)
|
|
|
Cancer caused by Alkylating agents
|
Blood (leukemia)
|
|
|
Question
|
Answer
|
|
|
Apoptosis aka
|
Programmed cell death.
|
|
|
Apoptosis characteristics
|
cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing, and formation of apoptotic bodies, which are then phagocytosed.
|
|
|
Apoptosis when
|
- embryogenesis, hormone -induction (menstruation), -immune cell– mediated death, - injurious stimuli (e.g., radiation, hypoxia), -atrophy.
|
|
|
Enzymatic degradation of a cell resulting from exogenous injury.
|
Necrosis
|
|
|
Characterized by enzymatic digestion and protein denaturation, with release of intracellular components.
|
Necrosis
|
|
|
Necrosis different types and there locations
|
Morphologically occurs as -coagulative (heart, liver, kidney), -liquefactive (brain), -caseous (tuberculosis), -fat (pancreas), -fibrinoid, or gangrenous (limbs, GI tract).
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Cellular swelling?
|
Reversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Nuclear chromatin clumping?
|
Reversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Decreased ATP synthesis?
|
Reversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Ribosomal detachment?
|
Reversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Glycogen depletion?
|
Reversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Plasma membrane damage?
|
Irreversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Lysosomal rupture?
|
Irreversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Ca2+ influx → oxidative phosphorylation?
|
Irreversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis?
|
Irreversible
|
|
|
Cell injury reversible or irreversible Mitochondrial permeability?
|
irreversible
|
|
|
Inflammation 5 features
|
Characterized by -rubor (redness), -dolor (pain), -calor (heat), -tumor (swelling) -functio lassa (loss of function).
|
|
|
cells in acute Inflammation
|
Neutrophil, eosinophil, and antibody mediated
|
|
|
cells in chronic Inflammation
|
Mononuclear cell mediated:
|
|
|
Phases of Inflammation
|
Fluid exudation Leukocyte activation Fibrosis Acute Chronic Resolution
|
|
|
What happens in different phases of Inflammation? Fluid exudation
|
Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, endothelial injury
|
|
|
What happens in different phases of Inflammation? Leukocyte activation
|
Emigration (rolling, tight binding, diapedesis) Chemotaxis (bacterial products, complement, chemokines) Phagocytosis and killing
|
|
|
What happens in different phases of Inflammation? Fibrosis
|
Fibroblast emigration and proliferation Deposition of ECM
|
|
|
What happens in different phases of Inflammation? Acute
|
Neutrophil, eosinophil, and antibody mediated
|
|
|
What happens in different phases of Inflammation? Chronic
|
Mononuclear cell mediated: Characterized by persistent destruction and repair Granuloma—nodular collections of macrophages and giant cells
|
|
|
What happens in different phases of Inflammation? Resolution 5 different outcomes
|
-Restoration of normal structure -Granulation tissue—highly vascularized, fibrotic -Abscess—fibrosis surrounding pus -Fistula—abnormal communication -Scarring—collagen deposition resulting in altered structure and function
|
|
|
Leukocyte extravasation what mediates Rolling?
|
E-selectin on vascular endothelium binding to Sialyl-LewisX on the leukocyte.
|
|
|
Leukocyte extravasation what mediates Tight binding?
|
ICAM-1 on vascular endothelium binding to LFA-1 on the leukocyte.
|
|
|
Stages of Leukocyte extravasation
|
1. Rolling 2. Tight binding 3. Diapedesis 4. Migration
|
|
|
Leukocyte extravasation what mediates migration?
|
chemotactic signals (e.g., cytokines).
|
|
|
What is Diapedisis
|
––leukocyte travels between endothelial cells and exits blood vessel.
|
|
|
Free radical injury what initiates it
|
Initiated via radiation exposure, metabolism of drugs (phase I), redox reaction, nitric oxide, transition metals, leukocyte oxidative burst.
|
|
|
Free radical injury when is it a big problem
|
reperfusion after thrombolytic therapy.
|
|
|
Free radical injury what are the antioxidants
|
(vitamins E and A).
|
|
|
• Abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of size, shape, and orientation
|
––dysplasia
|
|
|
• Normal cells with basal → apical differentiation
|
Normal cells
|
|
|
• Cells have increased in number–
|
hyperplasia
|
|
|
• Neoplastic cells have not invaded basement membrane • High nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and clumped chromatin • Neoplastic cells encompass entire thickness
|
• In situ carcinoma
|
|
|
• Cells have invaded basement membrane using collagenases and hydrolases • Can metastasize if they reach a blood or lymphatic vessel
|
Invasive carcinoma
|
|
|
-plasia definitions Hyperplasia
|
–– ↑ in number of cells (reversible).
|
|
|
-plasia definitions Metaplasia
|
––1 adult cell type is replaced by another (reversible). Often 2°
|
|
|
-plasia definitions Dysplasia–
|
–abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size in comparison to normal tissue maturation; commonly preneoplastic (reversible).
|
|
|
-plasia definitions Anaplasia
|
––abnormal cells lacking differentiation; like primitive cells of same tissue, often equated with undifferentiated malignant neoplasms.
|
|
|
-plasia definitions Neoplasia
|
––a clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive.
|
|
|
Tumor grade vs. stage describe
|
Grade = histo apperance, often based on the mitoses per high pwer field number Stage = ammount of spread based on site and size
|
|
|
Tumor grade vs. stage which is usually more prognostic
|
Stage
|
|
|
TNM staging system:
|
T = size of Tumor N = Node involvement M = Metastases
|
|
|
The term ?????? implies epithelial origin, whereas sarcoma denotes ???????origin. Both terms imply ?????.
|
carcinoma sarcoma malignancy
|
|
|
The term carcinoma implies ??????? origin, whereas sarcoma denotes ??????origin. Both terms imply ?????.
|
epithelial mesenchymal malignancy
|
|
|
Tumor nomenclature Benign tumor of Mesenchyme
|
Blood cells = There isn't one Blood vessels = Hemangioma Smooth muscle = Leiomyoma Skeletal muscle = Rhabdomyoma Bone = Osteoma Fat = Lipoma
|
|
|
Tumor nomenclature Benign vs malignant tumor of Epithelium
|
Adenoma, papilloma Adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma
|
|
|
Tumor nomenclature Benign vs malignant tumor of > 1 cell type
|
benign = mature teratoma malignint = Immature teratoma
|
|
|
Tumor nomenclature malignant tumor of Mesenchyme
|
Blood cells = Leukemia, lymphoma Blood vessels = Angiosarcoma Smooth muscle =Leiomyosarcoma Skeletal muscle = Rhabdomyosarcoma Bone = Osteosarcoma Fat = Liposarcoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Down syndrome?
|
ALL (we ALL fall Down), AML
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism?
|
Melanoma and basal, squamous cell carcinomas of skin
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants?
|
Gastric adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Tuberous sclerosis?
|
Astrocytoma and cardiac rhabdomyoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Actinic keratosis?
|
Squamous cell carcinoma of skin
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Barrett’s esophagus?
|
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome?
|
Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Cirrhosis (alcoholic, hepatitis B or C)?
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Ulcerative colitis?
|
Colonic adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Paget’s disease of bone?
|
2° osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Immunodeficiency states?
|
Malignant lymphomas
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with AIDS?
|
Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin’s) and Kaposi’s sarcoma
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Autoimmune diseases?
|
Benign and malignant thymomas
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Acanthosis nigricans?
|
Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)
|
|
|
What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Dysplastic nevus?
|
Malignant melanoma
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor abl
|
Oncogenes CML
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor c-myc
|
Oncogenes Burkitt’s lymphoma
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor bcl-2
|
Oncogenes Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis)
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor erb-B2
|
Oncogenes Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor ras
|
Oncogenes Colon carcinoma
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor L-myc
|
Oncogenes Lung tumor
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor N-myc
|
Oncogenes Neuroblastoma
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor ret
|
Oncogenes Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types II and III
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor Rb
|
Tumor suppressor Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor BRCA1 and 2
|
Tumor suppressor Breast and ovarian cancer
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor p53
|
Tumor suppressor Most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor p16
|
Tumor suppressor Melanoma
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor APC
|
Tumor suppressor Colorectal cancer
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor WT1
|
Tumor suppressor Wilms’ tumor
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor NF1
|
Tumor suppressor Neurofibromatosis type 1
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor NF2
|
Tumor suppressor Neurofibromatosis type 2
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor DPC
|
Tumor suppressor Pancreatic cancer
|
|
|
Oncogene or Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor DCC
|
Tumor suppressor Colon cancer
|
|
|
Tumor markers PSA
|
Prostate-specific antigen. Prostatic carcinoma.
|
|
|
Tumor markers CEA
|
Very nonspecific but colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also others
|
|
|
Tumor markers α-fetoprotein
|
Hepatocellular carcinomas. yolk sac tumor
|
|
|
Tumor markers β-hCG
|
Hydatidiform moles, Choriocarcinomas, Gestational trophoblastic tumors.
|
|
|
Tumor markers CA-125
|
Ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors.
|
|
|
Tumor markers S-100
|
Melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas.
|
|
|
Tumor markers Alkaline phosphatase
|
-Metastases to bone, -obstructive biliary disease, -Paget’s disease of bone.
|
|
|
Tumor markers Bombesin
|
Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer.
|
|
|
Tumor markers TRAP
|
Hairy cell leukemia––a B-cell neoplasm.
|
|
|
Tumor markers CA-19-9
|
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
|
|
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what is TRAP
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Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Hairy cell leukemia––a B-cell neoplasm.
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Oncogenic viruses name the tumor associated with HTLV-1
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Adult T-cell leukemia
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Oncogenic viruses name the tumor associated with HBV, HCV
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
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Oncogenic viruses name the tumor associated with EBV
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Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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Oncogenic viruses name the tumor associated with HPV
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Cervical carcinoma (16, 18), penile/anal carcinoma
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Oncogenic viruses name the tumor associated with HHV-8
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Kaposi’s sarcoma, body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma
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Types of HPV that cause CIN
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16, 18
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Cancer caused by Aflatoxins
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Liver (hepatocellular carcinoma)
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Cancer caused by Vinyl chloride
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Liver (angiosarcoma)
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Cancer caused by CCl4
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Liver (centrilobular necrosis, fatty change)
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Cancer caused by Nitrosamines
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Esophagus, stomach
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Cancer caused by Cigarette smoke
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Larynx, lung, ...
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Cancer caused by Asbestos
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Lung (mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma)
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Cancer caused by Arsenic
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Skin (squamous cell carcinoma)
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Cancer caused by Naphthalene (aniline) dyes
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Bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)
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Cancer caused by Alkylating agents
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Blood (leukemia)
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Paraneoplastic effects of tumors neoplasm and Mech Cushing’s syndrome
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Small cell lung carcinoma ACTH or ACTH-like peptide
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Paraneoplastic effects of tumors neoplasm and Mech SIADH
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Small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms ADH
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Paraneoplastic effects of tumors neoplasm and Mech Hypercalcemia
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Squamous cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, breast carcinoma, multiple myeloma, and bone metastasis (lysed bone) PTH-related peptide, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1
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Paraneoplastic effects of tumors neoplasm and Mech Polycythemia
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Renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastoma Erythropoietin
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Paraneoplastic effects of tumors neoplasm and Mech Lambert-Eaton syndrome
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Thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma Antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at neuromuscular junction
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Paraneoplastic effects of tumors neoplasm and Mech Gout, urate nephropathy
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Leukemias and lymphomas Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (i.e., cytotoxic therapy)
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1° tumors that metastasize to brain
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Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia. Lung, Breast, Skin (melanoma), Kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI.
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approximately ??% of brain tumors are from metastases.
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50
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??????the most common sites of metastasis after the regional lymph nodes.
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liver and Lungs
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tumors that metastasize to the liver
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mne: Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver. Colon > Stomach > Pancreas > Breast > Lung.
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most common Liver cancer
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Metastasis
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These 1° tumors metastasize to bone
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P. TT. Barnum Loves Kids. PROSTATE, Thyroid, Testes, BREAST, Lung, Kidney.
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Features of 1° tumors that metastasize to bone
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Lung = Lytic. Prostate = blastic. Breast = Both lytic and blastic.
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Most common Bone Tumors
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Mets from (esp Prostate or Breast)
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Cancer epidemiology Most common cancers in Men .. deaths in men
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Prostate (32%) Lung (16%) Colon and rectum (12%) .. Lung (33%) Prostate (13%)
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Cancer epidemiology Most common cancers in women .. deaths in women
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Breast (32%) Lung (13%) Colon and rectum (13%) ... Lung (23%) Breast (18%)
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1st and 2nd leading killers in the U.S.
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heart disease cancer
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Changes in lung cancer deaths
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Deaths from lung cancer have plateaued in males but continue to ↑ in females.
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Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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Rb 13q Tumor suppressor
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Breast and ovarian cancer (BRCA) Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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BRCA1 and 2 17q, 13q Tumor suppressor
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Most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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p53 17p Tumor suppressor
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Melanoma Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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p16 9p Tumor suppressor
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Colorectal cancer Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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APC 5q Tumor suppressor
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Wilms’ tumor Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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WT1 11q Tumor suppressor
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Neurofibromatosis type 1 Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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NF1 17q Tumor suppressor
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Neurofibromatosis type 2 Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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NF2 22q Tumor suppressor
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Pancreatic cancer Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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DPC 18q Tumor suppressor
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Colon cancer Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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DCC 18q Tumor suppressor and ras Oncogenes
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CML Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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abl 9:22 Oncogenes
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Burkitt’s lymphoma Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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c-myc 8:14 Oncogenes
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Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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bcl-2 14:18 Oncogenes
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Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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erb-B2 Oncogenes
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Colon carcinoma Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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ras Oncogenes
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Lung tumor Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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L-myc Oncogenes
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Neuroblastoma Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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N-myc Oncogenes
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types II and III Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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ret Oncogenes
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Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor
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c-kit Oncogenes
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