6: Connective Tissue

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reticular fibres

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extremely thin fibres made primarily of collagen III; architectural framework of certain organs and glands; high carb content

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fibroblasts

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predominant cells in connective tissue; fusiform in active state; produce procollagen and other components of ECM; arise from mesenchymal cells

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pericytes

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connective tissue cells derived from mesenchymal cells that are located mostly along capillaries; retain pluripotential role of embryonic mesenchymal cells

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adipose cells

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connective tissue cells which arise from mesenchymal cells; surround basal lamina; responsible for synthesis, storage and release of fat

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unilocular adipose tissue (white adipose tissue)

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adipocytes that contain a single large fat droplet; have receptors for insulin, GH, norepinephrine and glucocorticoids to control uptake and release of free fatty acids and triglycerides

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multilocular adipose tissue (brown adipose tissue)

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adipocytes that contain many small fat droplets

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macrophages

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principal phagocytosing cells of connective tissue; important in immune system; arise from monocytes

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foreign body giant cells

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fusion of macrophages in connective tissue to form a large multinucleated cell capable to phagocytose large foreign bodies

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type I hypersensitivity reaction

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reaction to a foreign particle where first exposure causes plasma cells to secrete IgE, which then binds to mast cells; second exposure causes mast cell degranulation

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pus

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an accumulation of dead neutrophils, bacteria, extracellular fluid and additional debris at the inflammatory site

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eosinophils

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cells which bind to antigen-antibody complexes on the surface of parasites and then release cytotoxins; moderate allergic reaction by releasing enzymes that cleave histamine and leukotrine C

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histamine

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mediator released by mast cells; causes vasodilation, contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, increased mucus production

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heparin

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mediator released by mast cells; acts as anticoagulant

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eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF)

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mediator released by mast cells; attracts eosinophils to site of inflammation

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neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF)

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mediator released by mast cells; attract neutrophils to the site of inflammation

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leukotriene C and D

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mediators released by mast cells; synthesized from arachidonic acid precursors in plasmalemma; function as vasodilators, cause contraction of bronchial smooth muscle

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prostaglandin D

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mediator released by mast cells; causes contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, and increases mucus secretion

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loose connective tissue (areolar tissue)

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type of connective tissue that possesses relatively few fibres but more cells; well vascularized, flexible, and not very resistant to stress

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dense irregular connective tissue

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connective tissue which contains fibre bundles that have no definite orientation and few cells; characteristic of the dermis and capsules of many organs

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dense regular connective tissue

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connective tissue which contains fiber bundles and attenuated fibroblasts that are arranged in uniform parallel fashion; present in tendons and ligaments

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mucous tissue (Wharton's jelly)

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loose connective tissue present in the umbilical cord; consists of jelly-like matrix with some collagen fibers in which large stellate-shaped fibroblasts are embedded

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mesenchymal tissue

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connective tissue found only in embryos; consists of gel-like matrix containing few reticular fibres and mesenchymal cells

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elastic tissue

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connective tissue composed of course, branching elastic fibres with a sparse network of collagen fibers and some fibroblasts filling the interstitial spaces; present in dermis, lungs, elastic cartilage, elastic ligaments, large blood vessels

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reticular tissue

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connective tissue consisting mostly of a network of branched reticular fibres; present in lier sinusoids, smooth muscle cells, fat cells, stroma of lymphatic organs, bone marrow, and endocrine glands; forms reticular lamina of basement membrane

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lipoprotein lipase

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enzyme synthesized by adipose cells; hydrolyzes VLDLs and chylomicrons to fatty acids and glycerol; transferred to the luminal aspect of the capillary endothelium

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insulin

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hormone which stimulates rate of lipoprotein lipase synthesis and uptake of glucose in adipocytes

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hormone-sensitive lipase

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enzyme present in adipocytes which hydrolyzes stored triglycerides; activated by cAMP

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thermogenin

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a transmembrane protein present in mitochondria of brown adipose tissue, which generates heat by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation

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edema

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pathological process resulting in an increased volume of tissue fluid

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hay fever

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nasal congestion caused by localized edema in nasal mucosa; caused by increased capillary permeability due to histamine release

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asthma

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difficulty breathing due to bronchospasms resulting from leukotrienes released in the lungs

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hypertrophic obesity

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increase in adipose cell size resulting from increased fat storage (adult onset)

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hyperplastic obesity

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increase in the number of adipose cells; begins in childhood