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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The cycle of a cell's life, can be divided into three stages: ________, ________, & _____________ |
Interphase; Mitosis; Cytokinesis |
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What are the three stages of Interphase?
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1.) G1 phase, 2.) S phase, 3.) G2 phase |
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What happens in each one of the three phases of Interphase? |
G1 phase: The cell grows, DNA is transcribed, and the protein is synthesised. S phase: DNA is replicated G2 phase: Cell prepares for division. |
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What are the four stages of Mitosis? |
1.) Prophase 2.) Metaphase 3.) Anaphase 4.) Telophase |
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How many cells are formed at the end of Mitosis? Are they haploid or diploid cells? |
2. Diploid. |
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Mitosis is a way of reproducing ________. A. asexually B. sexually |
A |
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At what stage do the chromosomes become visible using a microscope? |
Prophase. |
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Supercoiling not only makes the chromosomes _______ and _______, it also _______ the space that they take up and enables them to take part in the processes that follow. |
shorter; thicker; reduces |
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In prophase, the chromosome consists of two identical copies. What are these two copies called? |
Sister chromatids. |
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Sister chromatids are attached to each other at the ____________. |
centromere |
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__________ are also visible during prophase, which move to opposite sides of the cell as ______________ from between them |
Centrioles; microtubules |
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The microtubule structure is called the ______. |
spindle |
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At the end of prophase, the nuclear __________ breaks down. |
envelope |
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What happens during Metaphase? |
The sister chromatids align themselves on the microtubules in the middle, or equator, of the spindle and are attached by their centromeres.
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During anaphase, the ________ splits and the sister __________ are pulled apart and move towards opposite ______ of the cell and the spindle fibers shorten. |
centromere; chromatids; sides/poles |
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During telophase, the chromosomes un_____ and become invisible through a light microscope. |
coil |
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During telophase, the spindle _____ break down and a nuclear envelope forms around each set of __________. |
fibers; chromosomes |
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What differs cytokinesis in plant cells, to cytokinesis in animal cells? |
In plant cells, a cell plate forms between the two daughter cells and in animal cells, a cleavage furrow is formed between the cells.
In plant cells, vesicles accumulate at the edges of the cell plate which release cellulose and pectin which is needed to create the cell wall. |
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What are cyclins? |
Compounds that are involved in the cell cycle. |
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What does CDK stand for and what is it? |
Cyclin-Dependent Kinesis. It is a protein that cyclins interact with to form enzymes that direct cells through the cell cycle. |
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Cyclins are divided into _____ types based on their behaviour in vertebrate and yeast cells. What are the names of these types? |
four •G1/S cyclins •S cyclins •M cyclins •G1 cyclins |
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What can cyclins control? |
Microtubule formation Chromatid alignment |
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Cell division can produce an excess of cells which clump together, and this growth is called a ______. |
tumour |
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Cancer occurs when cells form a _______ tumour migrating to other tissues and form new __________ tumours in a process known as _________. |
primary; secondary; metastasis |
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DNA may be modified by physical, chemical and biological agents known as _______. |
mutagens
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Mutagens include ionising radiation such as what? |
X-rays, gamma rays, and UV light. |
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The DNA changes caused by mutagens are called _______. |
mutations |
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Some mutagens are said to be ________ (cancer causing). |
carcinogens |
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What else can develop a primary tumour? |
Mistakes in copying DNA.
Genetic predisposition as a result of inheritance. |
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What are oncogenes? |
Special genes with the potential to cause cancer. |
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Most oncogenes may become active as a result of some additional process such as _________ in another gene, direct exposure to a ________ or another environmental factor such as a ______ infection. |
mutation; mutagen; viral |
