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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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concrete operational |
7-11 years |
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formal operational |
11 years to adult |
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long term memory |
memory that is permanent and unlimited capacity |
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metamemory |
our intuitive understanding of memory |
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metacognition |
thinking about thinking |
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gardners theory of multiple intelligence nine types of intelligence |
1-3 linguistic, logical-mathematical 4-9 musical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalistic, existential |
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sternberg: theory of successful intelligence
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analytic- generating different solutions creative- dealing adaptively with new situations and problems practical- knowing which solution will work |
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Binet & the development of intelligence testing |
mental age divided by chronological age times 100 equals IQ. |
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stereotype threat |
become concerned with our own abilities when feeling threatened when around people you think are better |
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three common learning disabilities |
dyslexia-reading impaired reading comprehension developmental dyscalculia-mathamatical |
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gross motor skills |
physical activity such as throwing a ball, running. boys develop those motor skills faster than girls |
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fine motor skills |
tedious skills such as hand writing, painting. girls develop these skills faster than boys |
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authoritarian parent |
high control, low warmth and responsiveness military parent |
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authoritative parent |
greater control plus warm and responsive |
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permissive parent |
low control but warm tries to be their friend |
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uninvolved parent |
low control and warmth |
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alburt bandura- modeling |
learning by observing and imitating what parents do and say |
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influences of the marital system |
makes children feel anxious, frightened or sad diverts parents attention away from giving high-quality parenting |
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first born |
have enthusiastic but inexperienced parents |
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later-born children |
less concerned about pleasing parents and adults |
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blended families |
slightly higher divorce rate children do less well in school, have more symptoms of depression but profit when both adults are caring |
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child maltreatment |
75% neglect- inadequate food, clothing or medical care 15% physical abuse-assult leading to physical injury 10% sexual abuse- 5% psychological abuse- ridicule, rejection or humiliation |
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who are the abusing parents |
maltreatment risks are higher when the parent condones physical punishment, lack effective skills. and childs behavior is aversive (forgotten about) |
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effects of abuse on children |
have poor peer relationships disruptive at school low grades and test scores more depression |
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ego resilience |
ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new situations |
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preventing abuse and mall treatment |
reducing positive attitudes towards physical abuse reducing poverty and its stressful effects provide parents opportunities to vent counseling in parenting skills |
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prejudice |
negative view of others based on their membership in a different group (the cheerleaders don't like the music people) |
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reducing prejudice |
cooperating in pursing common goals hearing adults support not being prejudiced asked to consider fairness when role playing discriminatory situations |
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signs of physical maturation |
dramatic increases in hight, weight, and changes in body's fat and muscle content secondary characteristics - body and facial hair, growth of breasts |
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brain growth in adolescence |
beginning of adolescence, the brain is 95% of adult size and weight myelination and synaptic pruning are nearly complete limbic system reaches maturity frontal cortex continues developing more prone to risky behavior |
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primary sex characteristics secondary sex characteristics |
primary- organs of reproduction secondary- physical signs like body hair, boobs, oder |
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mechanisms of maturation |
pituitary gland releases growth hormone. also stimulates other glands to release more estrogen in girls or more testosterone in boys |
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psychological impact of puberty |
girls- more critical of their appearance boys- only care if they can't achieve something because of their stature |
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obesity |
1 in 6 teens are overweight causes can be- genetics, tv, parents eating habits |
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obese youths can loose weight |
prevent is better than intervening parents must monitor their own lifestyles help set realistic goals only 20% of programs work |
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anorexia vs bulimia |
ana-refusal to eat bul- binge eats then purges |
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physical fitness |
30 minutes or more for it to matter heart rate must reach 140 beats/min |
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working memory |
starts at 12 working memory capacity is about the same as adults |
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kohlberg's theory level 1 and 2 |
level 1 - pre conventional:punishment & reward stage 1:obedience to authority stage 2: nice behavior in exchange for future favors level 2- conventional:social norms stage 3-live up to others expectations stage 4-follow rules to maintain social order |
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kohlbergs theory level 3 |
level 3- post conventional:moral codes stage 5: adhere to a social contract when it is valid stage 6: personal moral system based on abstract principles |
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identity achievement |
selecting a single self |
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role confusion |
many possible selves not letting them express themselves causes problems with relationships and jobs |
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diffusion |
individual is overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity and does little to accomplish the task |
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foreclosure |
the individual has a status determined by adults rather than by personal exploration |
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moratorium |
the individual is examining different alternatives but has yet to find one that is satisfactory |
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achievement |
the individual has explored alternatives and has deliberately chosen a specific identity |
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adolescent egocentrism |
adolescence are overly concerned with their own thoughts and feelings |
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imaginary audience |
adolescence believe that others are watching them constantly |
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personal fable |
adolescence believe that their feelings and beliefs are unique |
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illustration of invulnerability |
adolescence think that misfortune happens only to others |
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romantic relationships |
roughly 67% of adolescents will have had a romantic relationship within the previous 1.5 years with most lasting about 1 year. similar in attractiveness and popularity |
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romantic relationships offer |
companionship and sexual exploration (younger) intimacy, trust and support (older) |
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being sexually active is predicted by |
parents or peers sexually permissive attitudes parents not monitoring adolescence peer approval greater physical maturity regular alcohol consumption |
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sexual behavior in boys vs girls |
girls describe first sexual partner as "someone that love" expresses mixed feelings of happiness, excitement, fear, guilt and disappointment boys describe first sexual partner as a "casual date" express uniformly positive feelings |
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STI |
some are bacterially and others are virally caused human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 50% of new AIDS cases occur in teens and young adults due to unsafe sex and intravenous drug use |
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crystallization |
(13-14) kids understand that they are good at |
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specification |
(plus or minus 18) they know what they want to be |
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implementation |
(late adolescence to early adulthood) entering the work force |
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drug and alcohol use |
2/3 of teenagers drink or 50% get drunk teens drinking can be reduced by -teaching effective coping mechanisms -in school student lead discussions of facts about drinking and how to resist per pressure smoking usually begins in 6th-7th grade comprehensive school programs can reduce teen smoking by 33% |
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depression during adolescence |
pervasive feelings of sadness, emptiness, irritability, anger, poor sleep, low self-esteem, and inability to concentrate feeling lonely, believing family, friends, and classmates to be unfriendly can result from negative events that no one could control occurs in 5-10% in adolescents mostly in girls |
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depression risk factors |
-poor emotional regulation -extremely negative self-beliefs -emotionally distant, uninvolved parents -punitive discipline -poverty ** disturbed levels of serotonin and or norepinephrine |
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treating depression: two approaches |
antidepressant drugs correct imbalances in neurotransmitters, but increase suicide risk therapy needs to focus on rewarding social interactions and to correctly interpret them |
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preventing teen suicides: warning signs |
-threats of suicide -preoccupation with death -change in eating or sleeping habits -loss of interest in former activities -marked personality changes -persistant feelings of gloom/helplessness -giving away valued possessions |
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delinquency |
adolescence-limited anti social behavior relatively minor criminal acts by those who aren't constantly antisocial -short-lived, usually vanishing by late adolescence or early adulthood ex. - hitting at 3, shoplifting at 12, and car theft at 16 |
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causes of delinquency |
family processes-harsh discipline, poor monitoring, marital conflict stress due to poverty risk factors build on each other OBSERVATIONAL THERAPY is usually how they learn it |
