5E Test

Front 1

Mutation, why are not all of them bad?

Back 1

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Not all of them are bad because some allow for something to blend into the environment.

Front 2

Frame shift mutation

Back 2

A frame shift mutation is CAUSED when there is 1. a shift in the reading frame which changes everything. 2. The insertions add bases and 3. Deletions of losing bases

Front 3

How does a mutation get passed onto the next generation? What types of mutations will be passed on?

Back 3

The mutation will get passed on if the mutation is present in the person's gametes. Examples are DNA Mutations or Chromosomal Mutations

Front 4

ALD: Cause, symptoms, who it effects

Back 4

ALD is caused by a protein not doing its job and carrying the fat molecules to where they need to be broken down. ALD is an inherited recessive genetic disorder linked to the x chromosomes and it leaves the body unable to break down fat molecules. Some symptoms of ALD are hyper active, seizures, mute, and blind. Only boys have the most severe form of ALD.

Front 5

Missense mutation

Back 5

Changing the amino acid

Front 6

Nonsense mutation

Back 6

Changing the stop codon

Front 7

Silent mutation

Back 7

There is no amino acid redundancy in the code

Front 8

Non-Disjunction: Cause, when, and what type of disorders result from it?

Back 8

The cause is when homologous chromosomes don't separate correctly during Meiosis 1 and the sister chromatids don't separate during Meiosis 2. The result is you have too many or too few chromosomes in the gamete. Disorders that result from this are down syndrome, Turner's syndrome, and Klinefelter's syndrom

Front 9

Competitive Inhibition

Back 9

Competitive Inhibition is when the saturated fatty acids are not able to bind to the enzyme. The treatment at first did not work because the Odones were taking unsaturated short oleic acid chains (18 carbons long) and were trying to reduce the very long saturated fatty acid chains (22-24 carbons long). To solve this, Euric acid was chosen and it is a long (22 carbons) chain of unsaturated fatty acids that is used by the enzyme to make longer, harmless unsaturated fatty acids. With both erucic acid and oleic acid present, saturated fatty acids are not able to bind to the active site of the enzyme and are not elongated. Overall, Euric acid is a more useful treatment than oelic acid because of its longer unsaturated fatty acid chains and because it can bind to the enzyme higher than the shorter oelic acid and this is how it successfully lowered Lorenzo's Saturated Fatty acids to normal and how it is a successful treatment for patients with ALD.

Front 10

Sink Model Explanation with Polish rats

Back 10

Micaela found a study that showed after feeding rats oleic acid (short chains of unstaturated fats) the levels of the fatty acids went down. Once they started feeding Lorenzo the oleic acid, his fatty acids or "water levels" went down.

Front 11

Scientific Method Used by the Odones

Back 11

The scientific method was used by Augusto Odone in his dream in the library where His sister-in-law played the "bad enzyme" that used the paper clips to elongate short saturated fatty acids into the fatty acids. They both took paper clips and added them to short fatty acids to increase the length of their fatty acids. The question was, why would the unsaturated oleic acid, used only by Augusto, reduce the speed at which the sister elongates the "bad" saturated fatty acid? The scientific thinking at the time was that there were two enzymes involved and then the breakthrough/revision of the hypothesis came when Augusto said that only one enzyme (not two) makes both the harmless unsaturated and the saturated fatty acids.