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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intrafusal Muscle Fibers
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receptors in stretch reflex
innerviated by gamma motor neurons |
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Monosynaptic reflex
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least delay
Ex. stretch reflex receptor is muscle spindle |
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Polysynaptic Reflex
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interneurons control more than 1 muscle group
produces EPSP or IPSP With draw reflex- reciprocal inhibition |
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Ipsilateral Reflex Arcs
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occur on same side
Stretch, tendon, & withdraw reflexes |
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Crossed Extensor Reflex
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cordinated simultaneously with flexor reflex
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5 Characteristics of Polysynaptic Reflexes
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1. involve pool of neurons
2. are inter segmental in distribution 3. involve reciprocal inhibition 4. have reverberating circuits - prolong motor response 5. Several refexes coop to produce controled cordinated response |
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Cranial Meninges Layers
Outer to inner |
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Layer Pia Mater |
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Dura Mater
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Endosteal Layer: Outer Fibrous Layer
Venus Sinus Layer Meningeal Layer: Inner Fibrous Layer |
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Dura Folds
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Folded inner layer (Meningeal Layer) of Dura Mater
Extend into Cranial Cavity Collecting Veins: Dural Sinuses Flax Cerebri Flax Tentorium Cerebelli Flax Cerebelli |
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Flax Tentorium Cerebelli
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Separates Cerebellum & Cerebrum
Contains Transverse sinus |
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Flax cerebri
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btw Cerebral Hemispheres
Contains Superior Sagittal Sinus Inferior Sagittal Sinus |
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Flax Cerebelli
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btw Cerebral Hemispheres
under tentorium cerebelli |
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Arachnoid Mater
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contacts dura mater Epithelium
Covers brain |
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Subarachnoid space
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btw arachnoid mater & pia mater
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Pia Mater
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attached to brain by astrocytes
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who makes CSF
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Choroid Plexus
- Astrocytes - Ependymal Cells |
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Choroid Plexus
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Secretes CSF into ventricals
comprised of cappilary bed, Pia Mater, & Choroid Epithelial cells |
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Blood Brain Barrier
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tight junctions btw endothelial cells of capillaries
Astrocyte control permeability of endothelium lipid compounds & gases can diffuse |
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Brain Stem- Function
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Passes info btw spinal cord &
Cerebrum or Cerebellum |
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Brain Stem- parts
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Pon
Midbrain Medulla Oblongata |
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midbrain
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AKA: Mesencephalon
sight, sound, & associated Reflexes Maintains Consciousness |
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Pons- basic
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Connects Cerebellum to brain stem
Somatic & Visceral Motor Control |
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Medulla Oblongata
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relays info btw Brain & spinal cord (Thanamus. . )
Cordinates complex Autonomic Reflexes - Heart Rate - BP - Digestion |
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Medulla Oblongata- Nuclei
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Autonomic Nuclei: control visceral activities
Sensory & Motor Nuclei: of cranial nerves Relay Stations: along sensory & motor pathways |
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Pons- links
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connects cerebellum with Mesencephalon, Diencephalon, Cerebrum, & Spinal Cord
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Apneustic center & pneumotaxic center located
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Pons Nuclei-Respiration
– modify respiratory rhythmicity center activity |
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how is the Pons connected to the Cerebellum
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transverse fibers (Axons)
link Pons w/nuclei of opposite cerebellar hemisphere |
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What are the 3 parts of the Mesencephalon
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Tectum
Tegmentum Cerebral Peduncles |
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Mesencephalon- Tectum
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2 pairs of sensory nuclei Corpora quadrigemina:
– superior colliculus (visual) – inferior colliculus (auditory) |
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Mesencephalon- Tegmentum
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Red nucleus: motor cordination
Substatia Nigra (pigmented gray matter) |
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Mesencephalon - Cerebral Peduncles
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Nerve Fibers on ventrolateral surface
descending fibers to Cerebellum Corticospinal Corticobulbar |
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Cerebellum- basics
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2nd largest part of brain
Cordinates repetitive muscle movements posture fine tune sub/conscious movements |
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Cerebellum - parts
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Folia
Anterior & Posterior Lobes Cerebellar Hemispheres Vermis Flocculonodular Lobe |
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Cerebellum - Folia
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Cerebellar surface: highly folded neural cortex
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Cerebellum- Anterior & Posterior Lobes
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separated by primary fissure
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Cerebellum- hemispheres
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Separated at midline by Vermis
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Cerebellum - Vermis
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Separates Cerebellar Hemispheres at midline
Narrow Band of Cortex |
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Cerebellum - Flocculonodular Lobe
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below 4th ventricle
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Cerebellum - Peduncles
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links cerebellum w/spinal cord, cerebrum, & brain stem
3 parts -superior cerebellar peduncles -middle cerebellar peduncles -inferior cerebellar peduncles |
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Disorders of the Cerebellum
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Ataxia
caused by stroke or trauma Disturbs muscle coordination Common symptoms – Sudden, uncoordinated movement – Walking problems (unsteady gait) – Sudden eye movements (nystagmus) – Clumsy speech pattern (dysarthria |
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Diencephalon- basics
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links cerebrum w/brain stem
Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland |
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Neuroglia in PNS
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Satellite Cells
Schwann Cells |
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What glial cells in CNS
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Ependymal Cells
Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Microglia |
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Glial PNS
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Satellite Cells
Schwann Cells |
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these myelinate
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Schwann Cells (PNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS) |
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glia absorbe NT
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Astrocytes
Satellite cells |
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lec 3
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lec 3
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What are the 4 types of general sensory receptors
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Nociceptors (pain)
Thermoreceptors (temperature) Mechanoreceptors (physical distortion) Chemoreceptors (chemical concentration |
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Nociceptors
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Free Nerve endings
Innerveated by type A or type C |
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Type A Fibers
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Thinly Myelinated, fast pain, Prickling pain like injection or deep cut
--> primary sensory cortex for conscious attention |
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Type C FIbers
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Unmyelinated, slow burning pain
Cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and thalamus Aware of pain, but only general idea of it's location |
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Thermoreceptors
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Free nerve endings located in the Hypothalamus
- Anterior cooling - Posterior warming |
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Mechanoreceptors
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3 Classes:
Tactile - epicritic: fine - protopathic: crude/pressure Baroreceptors Proprioceptors |
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Tactile Receptors:
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Touch - shape & texture
Pressure- degree of PM distortion Vibration- pulsing or oscillating pressure |
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6 types of Tactile Receptors in skin
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1) Free Nerve Endings
2) Root hair plexus nerve endings 3) Merkel discs (tactile discs) 4) Meissner Corpuscles (tactile corpuscles) 5) Pacinian Corpuscles (Lamellated corpuscles) 6) Ruffini Corpuscles |
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Tonic Tactile Receptors
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Free nerve endings
Merkel Discs Ruffini corpuscles |
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Phasic Tactile Receptors
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Root hair plexus nerve endings
Meissner Corpuscles Pacinian Corpuscles |
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Superficial, Epicritic Tactile Receptors
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Free nerve endings
Merkel discs 2nd deepest Meissner corpuscles |
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Deep Tactile Receptors
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Ruffini corpuscle
Pacinian Corpuscle Root Hair Plexus |
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Protopathic (Crude touch & pressure)
& Deep |
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini |
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Epicritic
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Free nerve endings
Meisner's corpuscle Merkel's Disks |
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Proprioceptors (3 types)
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Muscle Spindles
Golgi tendon organs joint capsules |
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Muscle Spindles
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Monitor skeletal muscle length & trigger stretch reflexes
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Golgi tendon organs
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Btw muscle & tendon
Monitors external tension during contraction Stimulated by tendon tension |
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Joint capsule receptors
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Free nerve endings detect pressure tension
Movement @ joint |
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Chemoreceptors
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In arteries: Carotid & Aortic bodies
pH CO2, O2 |
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3 Somatic Sensory Pathways
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Dorsal Column/medial lemiscus/Posterior column pathway
Spinothalamic pathway Spinocerebellar pathway |
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Dorsal Columns pathway senses
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Fine touch
Pressure Vibration Proprioception Gracile fasciculus- Medial, from Sacral lower Cuneate fasciculus- Lateral, cervical upper |
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Dorsal Columns pathway
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Medulla Oblongata -->
Thalamus (VPL) --> primary Somatosensory Cortex |
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Spinothalamic Pathway senses
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Protopathic Touch
Pressure Pain Temp |
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Spinothalamic Pathway
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1st order enter SC & synapse w/2nd Posterior Gray Horns
2nd order decussate in SC (Neo-spinothalamic tracts) --> VPL 3rd --> 1 Somatosensory Cortex |
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Neo-Spinothalamic Tract
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Anterior tracts- crude touch & pressure
Lateral tracts- pain & temp |
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Efferent motor pathways always have
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Upper motor neuron- body in CNS inhibits/activates--> lower motor neuron
Lower Motor Neuron - cell body in nucleus of brain stem or SC w/axon extending out CNS, if damaged can't reflex or control motor unit |
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Corticospinal pathway 3 pairs of decending tracts
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Cortcobulbar tract
Lateral Corticospinal tract Anterior Cortiocospinal tract |
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Corticobulbar tract
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Skeletal muscles neck & face
NOT CN: 1, 2, 8, 10 |
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Lateral Corticospinal tract
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85% decussate @ Pyramids (thick bands in Medulla)
Synapse on lower motor neuron in SC |
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Anterior Corticospinal tract
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15 % decussate @ anterior white commisure
Synapses on lower motor neurons in anterior gray horns |
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Extra-Pyramidal System
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cerebrum, diencephalon, and brain stem
Medial Pathway- gross movement of trunk & proximal limb muscles Lateral Pathway- precise movements distal limb muscles |
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Extra-Pyramidal Medial Pathway gets info from 3 areas
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1. Vestibular nuclei (Brain Stem) --> Vestibulospinal
2. S/I Colliculi (Mesensephalon) --> Tectospinal 3. Reticular formation (Brain Stem) --> reticulospinal |
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Extra-Pyramidal- Medial- Vestibular muclei
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Gets info from CN 8 (vestibulocochlear nerve)
Posture balance --> vestibulospinal tracts |
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Superior/Inferior Colliculi
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Roof of mesencephalon - tectum
visual (superior) auditory (inferior) Cross over b/f tectospinal tracts |
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Extra-Pyramidal- Medial- Reticular formation
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Brainstem
Upper motor neurons in reticular formation --> reticulospinal tracts Don't cross over |
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Extra Pyramidal - Lateral Pathway
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Upper motor neurons in Red Nuclei cross over -->
Rubrospinal tracts |
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Basal Nuclei & Cerebellum
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or coordination and feedback control over muscle contractions
(consciously or subconsciously directed) |
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Basal Nuclei (5)
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putamen, the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei, substantia niagra
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Basal nuclei function
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Background patterns of movement in voluntary
Connects with premotor cortex, alters the pattern of instructions carried by the corticospinal tracts |
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Cerebellum monitors info about
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Proprioceptive
Visual Vestibular |
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lec 4
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lec 4
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ANS organization
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Visceral Motor Neurons (preganglionic neurons) in Brain Stem & SC, axons leave CNS -->
Ganglionic Neurons --> Post Ganglionic Neurons --> innerveate organs |
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ANS has 3 divisions
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Sympathetic
Parasympathetic Enteric Nervous System: local nervous system from esophagus to anus |
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Sympathetic: Basics
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Preganglion: thoracic and superior lumbar; T1-L2
Thoracolumbar - Short -> ganglion near SC Postganglion: Long |
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Parasympathetic: Basic
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Preganglion: brain stem and sacral segments of spinal cord;
craniosacral- Long -->ganglia close (or within) target organs Postganglion: Short |
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Enteric Nervous System: Basics
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network in GI walls
visceral reflexes coordinated locally gastrointestinal motility and secretion, and possibly absorption |
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Sympathetic: Preganglionic Fibers
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T1-L2
Cell bodies in lateral gray horns axons enter ventral roots of segments give rise to myelinated white ramus -> many ganglionic fibers, interconnecting them |
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Sympathetic: Ganglion fibers (3)
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Sympathetic chain ganglia
Collateral ganglia Suprarenal medullae |
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Sympathetic Ganglion: Symapthetic chain ganglia
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Both sides of vertebral column
Control effectors: – in body wall – inside thoracic cavity – in head – in limbs |
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Sympathetic Ganglion: Collateral ganglia
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Are anterior to vertebral bodies
innervate tissues and organs in abdominopelvic cavity |
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Sympathetic Ganglion: Adrenal medulla
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Short Axons release NT into Blood
Function as hormones to affect target cells throughout body |
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Each sympathetic chain ganglia contains
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3 cervical ganglia
10–12 thoracic ganglia 4–5 lumbar ganglia 4–5 sacral ganglia 1 coccygeal ganglion |
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what is on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon
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Cerebral pudncles
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