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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are seven types of colic that may occur in a calf less than 8 days old? |
Atresia coli Atresia ani/rectal Intussusception Acute diffuse peritonitis Omphalophlebitis Mesenteric torsion |
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What are five types of colic that may occur in calves more than 8 days old? |
Abomasal dilatation Abomasal torsion Gastrointestinal tympany Perforating abomasal ulcer Mesenteric torsion |
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What are the causes of gaseous distention of the abomasum and/or intestine? |
Diet E. coli Salmonella (usually typhimurium) Clostridium perfringens Cryptosporidia Coccidia |
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What are the factors for successful treatment of gaseous distention of the abomasum/intestine? |
Good dietary management Deflation Identification of the infectious agent Treatment with appropriate antibiotic, anthelmintic, or protectant |
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What are the four types of abomasal ulcers? |
1. Non-perforating ulcer 2. Non-perforating ulcer with severe blood loss 3. Perforating ulcer with local peritonitis 4. Perforating ulcer with diffuse peritonitis |
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In what calves are abomasal ulcers common? |
Young, nursing (beef) calves |
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What are the clinical signs of abomasal ulcer? |
Depression Dehydration Distended abdomen Fluid-filled viscus |
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What surgical approach can you take to correct an abomasal ulcer? |
Right paracostal or paralumbar celiotomy Invert or resect the ulcer |
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In abomasal ulcer surgery, survival rates are dependent on the extent of __________. What can improve prognosis? |
In abomasal ulcer surgery, survival rates are dependent on the extent of peritonitis. Abdominal lavage improves prognosis. |
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In calves, volvulus develops from... |
RDA. |
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What are the clinical signs of abomasal volvulus in a calf? |
No feces Anorexia Right abdominal distention Dehydration Tachycardia Severe pain |
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What can you use as a good metabolic prognostic indicator in abomasal volvulus? |
Anion gap - gap of <24mEq is required for a reasonable prognosis |
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What should you use for preoperative support in a calf with AV? |
Fluids Antibiotics Electrolytes NSAIDs Analgesia |
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Describe the steps to correct an AV in a calf. |
Right paralumbar fossa or paracostal approach Decompress and drain abomasum Flush abomasum with warm saline or LRS (Try not to fixate abomasum if possible; if necessary, do abomasopexy, not omentopexy) |
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In a mesenteric torsion in a calf, where does the torsion often occur? |
At the root of the cranial mesenteric artery |
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What are the clinical signs of mesenteric torsion in calves? |
Bilateral distention Dehydration Depression Anorexia Tachycardia Intense abdominal pain |
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In how long will mesenteric torsion cause death, if untreated? |
6-12 hours |
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What's the best approach to attempt to correct a mesenteric torsion? |
Right paralumbar fossa celiotomy |
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What are four common locations for intussusception? |
Enteric Ileocecal Cecocolic Colic |
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What are the clinical signs of intussusception? |
Bilateral abdominal distention Scant tarry or mucous-covered feces Depression Anorexia Increasing abdominal pain |
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What is atresia coli? |
Complete absence of an intestinal lumen at some point of the spiral loop of the ascending colon. |
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What causes atresia coli? |
Vascular insufficiency to the developing spiral colon |
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What are the symptoms of atresia coli? |
Calves appear normal at birth Lose appetite and develop abdominal distention by 12-48 hours No meconium Rectum only has small amount of thick, pasty, white mucous |
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Is surgical treatment a good option for atresia coli? Why? |
No. Surgery is long, hard, and expensive, and very difficult in a field practice. 20% (optimistically) can be expected to survive and do well. (Dr Atkins hasn't really had any successes with this, what are the chances we will??) |
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Calves affected by atresia coli have a reduced ability to absorb _________. |
Calves affected by atresia coli have a reduced ability to absorb immunoglobulins. |
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Describe the surgical approach to correcting atresia coli. |
Decompress cecum and colon. Remove meconium from apex of cecum and blind end of spiral colon. Join the spiral colon and descending colon by a side-to-side anastamosis. |
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What is a herniorraphy? |
Surgical repair of a hernia. |
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What is omphalitis? |
Infection of the umbilical structures outside the body wall. |
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What's a common limb sequela of an umbilical infection? |
Septic joints, especially in the carpus and tarsus |
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The majority of umbilical masses are... |
Hernias! BUT YOU HAVE TO EXAMINE |
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What will you feel with an uncomplicated umbilical hernia? |
Reducible, with a complete, smooth, hernial ring. |
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You find a hernia on a calf. It's partially reducible, with a firm portion that isn't reducible. There's also an incomplete hernial ring. What is this? |
Hernia with abscess or fibrotic core |
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What are some treatment options for an uncomplicated hernia? |
Do nothing Hernia belt/taping Hernia clamp/elastrator band (not recommended) Herniorraphy (open vs closed) |
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What's the most commonly used method to correct a hernia? |
Hernia taping |
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How can you tell if there's a hernia with an infected urachus? |
Large mass with a broad base at the umbilicus Incomplete hernia ring Painful stalk with pus Urination problems |
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How is a hernia with an infected umbilical artery different from an infected urachus? |
Umbilical artery: same signs except no urination issue; also often febrile and septicemic |
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You suspect an umbilical abscess. What do you do? |
Stick a needle in it to confirm that it's an abscess FIRST. Then you can lance it :) ("Gallons of pus" - Dr. Atkins) |
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What are the clinical signs of internal umbilical abscesses? |
Calves resist abdominal palpation Some have slightly raised tails and may urinate small amounts at frequent intervals May be febrile, depressed, anorexic |
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You're going to correct an umbilical mass by surgery in a calf. There's a draining tract. What do you do with it? |
Flush it before surgery Pack it with antiseptic Oversew it before surgery - keep it from contaminating |
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What do you remove for an urachus infection? |
Stalk of urachus as well as the apex of the bladder |
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What on earth is marsupialization? When can you use it? |
Suturing the edges of a draining tract to the outside of the body wall. Can be done with umbilical vein infection where complete resection is not possible. |
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Where should you enter the abdomen in an umbilical surgery? |
Cranial to the umbilical mass and to the left of midline - avoid the most commonly involved structures |
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What's an appropriate suture pattern to use with a large abdominal wall defect? |
Near-far-far-near Surgical mesh may be necessary |
