500C History Final

Front 1

Charlemagne

Back 1

8th and 9th century king of the Franks and Emperor of Rome who united the Germanic tribes and converted them to Christianity. Charlemagne started a renaissance in Europe that focused on education and Church reform.

Front 2

Fall of Jerusalem

Back 2

(637--7th Century)

Fall of Jerusalem to Muslims that created a form of "Christian Exile" that heavily influenced Pope Urban II's reasoning to call the first crusade (look at top ten for better answer)

Front 3

Council of Chalcedon

Back 3

(451--5th Century)

Fourth ecumenical council that affirmed Christ was two natures in one person.

Front 4

Council of Nicaea

Back 4

(325--4th Century)

The First ecumenical council, held in 325 regarding the teaching of Arius (denied the divinity of Christ). Created Nicene creed and established God's homo-ousion, that Jesus was one in substance and being with God.

Front 5

Pope Innocent III

Back 5

Pope during the 12th and 13th century who called the fourth and fifth crusades, as well as many domestic crusades (Albigensians for example). Pope Innocent III also called the Fourth Lateran Council which, among many things, started a crusade indulgence.

Front 6

Battle of Tours

Back 6

(732--8th Century)

Charles Martel stopped Muslim advancement into Europe (two parties involved?)

Front 7

East/West Schism

Back 7

(1054--11th Century)

Split between eastern and western church whose division remains today. Split over theological issues over the course of time.

Front 8

Rise of Islam

Back 8

(630's--7th Century)

Led to Muslim conquest of Christian lands and decline of Christianity in Africa and parts of Europe.

Front 9

Origen

Back 9

(3rd Century)

Early Christian theologian during the 3rd century, Origen expounds on the hermeneutics of St. Paul, exhibiting one of the first scholarly approaches to the Hebrew text by a Christian.

Front 10

John of Damascus

Back 10

(7th Century)

Christian writer and apologist who wrote The Fount of Knowledge, the first summa theologaie in Christian history. John's writings also addressed the intellectual challenges posed by Islam.

Front 11

Council of Clermont

Back 11

(1095--11th Century)

Council that was called to respond to the request for aid for Emperor Alexius against Muslim Turks. Pope Urban II gave the call for the first crusades here.

Front 12

Fourth Lateran Council

Back 12

(1215--13th Century)

Headed by Pope Innocent III in 1215, the council laid out plans for the 5th crusade and decreed crusading indulgences.

Front 13

Thomas Aquinas

Back 13

(13th Century)

Dominican friar and catholic priest who had an enormous philosophical and theological influence in the tradition of Scholasticism. His most famous work was The Summa Theologica

Front 14

Mohammed

Back 14

(7th Century)

Founder of Islam and messenger of Allah. Mohammed's message was submission as obedience to God and that followers of Allah should die to their own will.

Front 15

Francis of Assisi

Back 15

(Late 12th Century)

Monk who started on of the first mendicant orders--The Franciscans-- who emphasized simple living, begging, and respect for creation.

Front 16

St. Benedict of Nursia

Back 16

(6th Century)

Founder of westeern monasticism and author of the Rule. This foundational text lead religious communities in spiritual practices and still continues to do so.

Front 17

Constantine I

Back 17

(Early 4th Century)

Emperor of Rome who elevated Christianity within the Roman Empire with the Edict of Milan.

Front 18

Invention of Musical Notation

Back 18

(9th Century)

Christian monks in Northern Europe created staff notations to record the songs.

Front 19

Augustine of Hippo

Back 19

(Late 4th Century)

Bishop of Hippo, North Africa, who was one of the Early Churches most intelligent and prolific theologians and apologists. Augustine defended the Christian faith against Donatist and Pelagius (what heresy).

Front 20

Cunctos Populos

Back 20

(380--4th Century)

Given by Emperor Theodosius I and also known as the Edict of Thessalonica, it established Christianity as the official state religion of the Roman Empire and punished those who did not convert to Christianity.