5 Toxicology Epidemiology

Front 1

first line treatment for anaphylaxis with intact airway

Back 1

subcutaneous epinephrine

Front 2

what should you do with a positive fingerstick lead level?

Back 2

recheck with serum lead level since the fingersticks have a high false positive rate

Front 3

acute iron intoxication stages...

Back 3

1. GI upset/disturbance
2. shock, metabolic acidosis
3. hepatic failure
4. bowel obstruction from GI scarring

Front 4

what symptoms do opoid overdoses have that benzos do not?

Back 4

respiratory depression and pupillary constriction

Front 5

treatment for Torsades rhythm

Back 5

discontinue offending agent and give MgSO4

Front 6

when should you do the first acetominophen level with an overdose?

Back 6

4 hours after ingestion

Front 7

when must N-acetylcysteine be given with an acetominophen overdose?

Back 7

within 8 hours of ingestion

Front 8

what is lye?

Back 8

cleaning solution made of sodium hydroxide

Front 9

what test is indicated for ingestion of strong alkaline solution and why?

Back 9

upper GI imaging and endoscopy looking for perforation due to the near-instanteous liquifactive necrosis of the esophagus

Front 10

treatment for diphenhydramine and why

Back 10

treat with physostigmine to reverse the anti-cholinergic effects

Front 11

treatment for organophosphate intoxication

Back 11

remove clothes and wash skin to prevent further absorption, then give atropine

Front 12

symptoms of opoid withdrawal

Back 12

N/V, abdominal pain, diarrhea, restlessness, arthralgias, myalgias

Front 13

symptoms of beta-blocker overdose

Back 13

AV block, bradycardia, hypotension, wheezing, cardiogenic shock

Front 14

treatment for beta-blocker overdose

Back 14

give atropine and fluids first, then glucagon if refractory

Front 15

how does ethylene glycol affect calcium levels and the kidneys?

Back 15

associated with hypocalcemia and calcium oxalate deposits in the kidneys

Front 16

treatment for ethylene glycol intoxication

Back 16

treat with fomepizole or ethanol

Front 17

typical EKG finding with TCA toxicity

Back 17

widened QRS

Front 18

treatment for widened QRS and why

Back 18

give sodium bicarbonate to increase extracellular sodium

Front 19

treatment for PCP intoxication

Back 19

treat with urine acidification to increase clearance and haloperidol for psychotic symptoms

Front 20

how will iron pills appear on x-ray?

Back 20

radio-opaque

Front 21

first treatment for chemical splash to eye

Back 21

wash eye for 15 minutes first

Front 22

what class of drug is fluphenazine? what dangerous side-effect can it have?

Back 22

high-potency typical antipsychotic; can cause hypothermia due to disruption of thermoregulation and inhibition of shivering mechanism

Front 23

MC foodborne bacterial infection of the GI tract

Back 23

salmonella

Front 24

Rx for rectal fistula

Back 24

fistulotomy

Front 25

what disease is a/w hampton's hump on x ray

Back 25

Pulmonary Embolism

Front 26

Study design a/w:identifies diseased group and healthy group and retrospectively compares them

Back 26

case control

Front 27

Study design a/w:weakened by recall and selection bias

Back 27

case control

Front 28

Study design a/w:seeks to estimate disease prevalence and exposure across the population

Back 28

cross sectional

Front 29

Study design a/w:examines a collection of studies on a given subject

Back 29

meta analysis

Front 30

Study design a/w:prospective blinded study involving placebos, existing therapies and expiramental interventions

Back 30

random clinical trial

Front 31

Study design a/w:focuses on one group with a shared exposure or disease and either prospectively or retrospectively compares them

Back 31

cohort

Front 32

Study design a/w:examines a collection of cases and seeks insight into the disease of interest

Back 32

case series

Front 33

Study design a/w:most useful in a rare disease

Back 33

case series

Front 34

Bias a/w:memory errors produce incorrect data

Back 34

recall bias

Front 35

Bias a/w:subject awareness of being studied alters their answers and behaviors from normal

Back 35

observational (or Hawthorne) bias

Front 36

Bias a/w:certain medical studies attract subject with a particular medical history rather than general population

Back 36

self-selection bias

Front 37

Bias a/w:studies that show a difference are preferably published and then later included in a meta analysis rather than studies that support the null hypothesis

Back 37

publication bias

Front 38

Bias a/w:screening tests designed ti detect asymptomatic disease may miss rapidly progressive disease because the interval between successive screenings only detect slowly progressing ones

Back 38

length bias

Front 39

Bias a/w:screening test may allow earlier diagnosis of the disease but does not translate into actual length of survival

Back 39

lead-time bias

Front 40

Bias a/w:subjective interpretation of data by the investigator deviates toward "desired" conclusion

Back 40

Investigator/Interviewer (or Pygmalion) bias

Front 41

what does an odds ratio estimate in the case of a disease with a low prevalence

Back 41

relative risk

Front 42

anti HTN used in:pt's with no comorbidities

Back 42

thiazides

Front 43

anti HTN used in:pt's with diabetes

Back 43

ACEIs/ARBs

Front 44

anti HTN used in:pt's with heart failure (multiple answers)

Back 44

ACEIs/ARBs B-BlockersAldosterone antagonist

Front 45

anti HTN used in:pt's with BPH

Back 45

a-Blockers (e.g. Terazosin)

Front 46

anti HTN used in:pt's with left ventricular hypertrophy

Back 46

ACEIs/ARBs

Front 47

anti HTN used in:pt's with hyperthyroid

Back 47

B-Blockers (e.g. Propranolol)

Front 48

anti HTN used in:pt's with osteoporosis

Back 48

thiazides

Front 49

anti HTN used in:pt's with benign essential tremor

Back 49

B-Blockers (e.g. Propranolol)

Front 50

anti HTN used in:pt's with post menopausal female

Back 50

thiazides

Front 51

anti HTN used in:pt's with migraines

Back 51

B-BlockersCCB's

Front 52

4 signs and symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis

Back 52

fevertonsilar exudatetender anterior cervical lymphadenopathylack of rhinorrhea/cough

Front 53

imaging studies used in a trauma series

Back 53

AP chest/pelvisAP/lateral C-spineAP Pelvis+ FAST ultrasound

Front 54

what is the fundamental difference between all of the "risk" equations and the "odds" equations

Back 54

"RISK" takes an exposure/risk factor and then determines likelihood of developing disease based on that exposure (i.e. cohort study/prospective calculation)"ODDS" takes a disease state (or lack of disease state) and then determines likelihood that there has been a previous exposure (i.e. case-control/retrospective calculation)

Front 55

equation for risk; what does it tell us

Back 55

R of exposed group = a/(a+b)R of unexposed group = c/(c+d)RISK OF GETTING DISEASE:"risk" is a PERCENTAGE (i.e. part / total); it tells us what percentage people will get disease if exposed (or unexposed)

Front 56

equation for relative risk; what does it tell us

Back 56

RR = risk of exposed/ risk of unexposedRR = [a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)]"relative risk" is a PROPORTION; it is a "relative" comparison of "risk" b/w 2 groups (e.g. exposed vs unexposed)

Front 57

what does it mean when RR = 1RR > 1RR < 1

Back 57

RR = 1: no relationship (b/w RF & Ds)RR > 1: positive relationship (b/w RF & Ds)RR < 1: negative relationship (b/w RF & Ds)

Front 58

equation for attributable risk; what does it tell us

Back 58

AR = risk of exposed - risk of unexposedAR = [a/(a+b)] - [c/(c+d)]

Front 59

equation for odds; what does it tell us

Back 59

Odds (Ds'd group) = a:c = a/cOdds (Ds-free group) = b:d = b/cODDS OF PREVIOUS EXPOSURE:"odds" is a RATIO that tells us "LIKELIHOOD" of PREVIOUS EXPOSURE WITHIN a particular group (e.g. ds'd or ds-free)

Front 60

equation for odds ratio; what does it tell us

Back 60

OR = (a/b) / (c/d) = (a/c) / (b/d) = ad / bc (simplest to memorize)"odds ratio" is a ratio of ratios; it tells us "INCREASED LIKELIHOOD" of PREVIOUS EXPOSURE of 1 group (i.e. ds'd) RELATIVE to another group (i.e. ds-free)

Front 61

calculate odds for ds'd & ds-free groups;calculate odds ratioEXAMPLE:10 cancer pt's: 8 previously smoked10 cancer-free pt's (control grp): 2 previously smoked

Back 61

ODDS:cancer pt's: 8:2 odds of previous exposurecancer-free pt's: 1:9 odds of previous exposureODDS RATIO:cancer odds : cancer-free odds = (8/2)/(1/9) = 36 ==> cancer pt's are 36x MORE LIKELY to have been smokers THAN cancer-free pt's

Front 62

when is odds ratio a good approximation of relative risk

Back 62

low prevalence (e.g. rare disease)

Front 63

What % corresponds to 1, 2, & 3 standard deviation

Back 63

1 STANDARD DEVIATION: 68%2 STANDARD DEVIATIONS: 95%3 STANDARD DEVIATIONS: 99.7%

Front 64

what is most important for screening tests

Back 64

high sensitivity

Front 65

what is most important for confirmatory tests

Back 65

high specificiity

Front 66

What are the equations for Sn & SP

Back 66

Sn = a / (a + c)Sp = d / (d + b)

Front 67

What are the equations for (1 - Sn) & (1 - Sp)

Back 67

(1 - Sn) = c / (a + c)(1 - Sp) = b / (d + b)PROOF: (1 - Sn) = 1 - [a/ (a + c) ]h/w 1 can be re-written as (a + c) / (a + c)[(a + c) / (a + c)] - [a / (a + c)]= (a + c - a) / (a + c)= c / (a + c)PROOF: (1 - Sp) = 1 - [d/ (d + b) ]h/w 1 can be re-written as (d + b) / (d + b)[(d + b) / (d + b)] - [d / (d + b)]= (d + b - d) / (d + b)= b / (d + b)

Front 68

What are the equations for NPV & PPV

Back 68

NPV = d / (d + c)PPV = a / (a + b)

Front 69

equation for absolute risk reduction; what does it tell us

Back 69

ARR = # of lives saved / # of pt's tx'dARR gives us a percentage of lives saved per ONE pt tx'd

Front 70

equation for number needed to tx (NNT); what does it tell us

Back 70

ARR = # of lives saved / # of pt's tx'dNNT = 1 / ARRNNT tells us how many pt's must be treated in order to save ONE life; alternatively the formula can be re-written: 1life saved = NNT x ARR

Front 71

What are the equations for the Positive Likelihood Ratio (PLR) & the Negative Likelihood Ratio (NLR)

Back 71

PLR = Sn / (1 - Sp) = [a / (a +c)] / [b / (b + d)]NLR = (1 - Sn) /Sp = [c / (a +c)] / [d / (b + d)]

Front 72

types of error:list all

Back 72

Null hypothesis (H0) = TN's = dAlternate hypothesis (H1) = TP's = aType I (alpha) = FP's = bType II (beta) = FN's = c

Front 73

types of error:accepting the null hypothesis when an association does exist

Back 73

Type II error (beta) --> "free the guilty"

Front 74

types of error:rejecting the null hypothesis when no association exists

Back 74

Type I error (alpha) --> "convict the innocent"

Front 75

Rx for guilain barre

Back 75

supportive careplasmaphoresis and IVIG(NO steroids)

Front 76

what is the cause of chest pain in a young patient that has angina at rest with an ST segment elevation but normal cardiac enzymes

Back 76

prinzmetal's angina

Front 77

what infection can cause diarrhea and pseudoappendicitis

Back 77

Yersinia Enerocolitica

Front 78

what if parents are refusing clearly life saving treatment for their child

Back 78

emergency = do it anywaynon emergency = get court order

Front 79

what circumstance can confidentiality be broken

Back 79

pt permissionsuicidal/homicidalchild/elder abuse (obligated)penetrating assault woundsreportable diseases

Front 80

4 elements for malpractice claim

Back 80

duty to care(legal obligation to conform to standard of care)breach of duty(failure to conform to standard of care)harm(pt was injured/harmed)causation(breach of standard of care was cause of injury/harm)

Front 81

what are the two ways to establish standard of care in a malpractive case

Back 81

expert testimonyit speaks for itself ("Res Ipsa Loquitur")

Front 82

Why can a heavily intoxicated pt refusing medical intervention be temporarily tx'd against his/her will

Back 82

An intoxicated pt lacks capacity to make medical decisions, including refusal of care

Front 83

Acetaminophen OD

Back 83

N-acetylcysteine

Front 84

Acid or alkali ingestion tx

Back 84

EGD to eval for stricture

Front 85

Anticholinesterase or organophosphate OD

Back 85

Atropine & pralidoxime

Front 86

Anticholinergic OD

Back 86

Physostigmine

Front 87

Arsenic OD

Back 87

Succimer or dimercaprol

Front 88

Acetaminophen OD

Back 88

N-acetylcysteine

Front 89

Acid or alkali ingestion tx

Back 89

EGD to eval for stricture

Front 90

Anticholinesterase or organophosphate OD

Back 90

Atropine & pralidoxime

Front 91

Anticholinergic OD

Back 91

Physostigmine

Front 92

Arsenic OD

Back 92

Succimer or dimercaprol

Front 93

Mercury OD

Back 93

SucciMER, diMERcaprol

Front 94

Gold OD

Back 94

succimer, dimercaprol, penicillamine

Front 95

BBlocker OD

Back 95

Glucagon

Front 96

Phenobarb OD

Back 96

Urine alkalinization (acetazol, citrate)DialysisActivated charcoal

Front 97

Benzo OD

Back 97

Flumazenil if recent, non-dependent

Front 98

Mercury OD

Back 98

SucciMER, diMERcaprol

Front 99

Gold OD

Back 99

succimer, dimercaprol

Front 100

BBlocker OD

Back 100

Glucagon

Front 101

Phenobarb OD

Back 101

Urine alkalinization, Dialysis, Activated charcoal

Front 102

Black widow bite

Back 102

Ca gluconate, methocarbamol

Front 103

Carbon monoxide

Back 103

O2, hyperbaric O2

Front 104

Copper tx

Back 104

Penicillamine

Front 105

lead tx

Back 105

succimerEDTAdimercaprolpenicillamine

Front 106

cyanide tx

Back 106

sodium nitrate, amyl nitrate, sodium thiosulfate

Front 107

digialis tx

Back 107

anti-dig Fab, normalize K, lidocaine for torsades

Front 108

heparin tx

Back 108

protamine sulfate

Front 109

iron tx

Back 109

deferroxamine

Front 110

isoniazid tx (INH)

Back 110

vit B6 (pyridoxine)

Front 111

methanol tx

Back 111

fomepizole, etoh, dialysis

Front 112

ethylene glycol (antifreeze) tx

Back 112

fomepizole, etoh, dialysis, ca gluconate

Front 113

methemoglobin

Back 113

methylene blue

Front 114

opiod OD

Back 114

naloxone

Front 115

PCP (phencyclidine hydrochloride)

Back 115

NG suction

Front 116

salicylate OD

Back 116

alkalinize urine (acetazol, citrate)dialysisactivated charcoal

Front 117

TCA OD

Back 117

sodium bicarb for QRS prolongLorazepam for szCardiac monitor

Front 118

Theophylline

Back 118

activated charcoal, repeat

Front 119

tpa, streptokinase

Back 119

aminocaproic acid

Front 120

warfarin tx

Back 120

vit K FFP

Front 121

How to measure incidence.

Back 121

Cohort

Front 122

define prevalence

Back 122

number/proportion of cases in the population at a specific moment in time

Front 123

define incidence

Back 123

number of new cases that arise in the disease free population over a period of time

Front 124

if mortality of a disease decreases, what happens to prevalence?

Back 124

increased prevalence

Front 125

Population is measured for prevalence of the disease at a specific point in time. What type of study?

Back 125

cross-sectional study (aka prevalence study)

Front 126

Study which compares one diagnostic test to the gold-standard?

Back 126

cross-sectional study (aka prevalence study)

Front 127

calculate sensitivity

Back 127

true positives divided by total with disease (a/a+c)

Front 128

calculate specificity

Back 128

true negatives divided by total without disease (d/d+b)

Front 129

How to remember how to get sensitivty and specificity off a 2x2 chart?

Back 129

sE is before sP in alphabet, so sEnsitivity is left column and sPecificity is right column

Front 130

SPIn

Back 130

positive test in a specific test rules in the disease

Front 131

SnNOut

Back 131

negative test in a sensitive test rules out the disease

Front 132

calculate Positive predictive value (PPV)

Back 132

true positives divided by total positive results (a/a+b)

Front 133

calculate Negative predicitve value (NPV)

Back 133

true negatives divided by total negative results (d/d+c)

Front 134

how to organize a 2x2 table

Back 134

outcome/disease is always on top

Front 135

when do you want a highly sensitive test?

Back 135

when you want to screen for a disease to rule it out (usually more false positives)

Front 136

low disease prevalence means what for PPV and NPV?

Back 136

PPV goes down and NPV goes up

Front 137

testing someone who has risk factors means what for PPV?

Back 137

PPV goes up (higher pre-test odds)

Front 138

calculate positive likelihood ratio (+LR); remember it's a ratio of likelihoods

Back 138

true positive probability/false positive probability (sens/1-spec)

Front 139

calculate negative likelihood ratio (-LR); remember it's a ratio of likelihoods

Back 139

false negative probability/true negative probability (1-sens/spec)

Front 140

how to remember how to calculate Likelihood Ratio? (where do you put the diseased population?)

Back 140

truly diseased population always goes on top of the calculation: for +LR, true positives are on top, for -LR, false negatives are on top

Front 141

when are exposures and outcomes in a prospective cohort study?

Back 141

exposure in the future, outcome further in the future

Front 142

when are exposures and outcomes in a retrospective cohort study?

Back 142

exposure in the past, outcome in the more recent past

Front 143

define the population of study in a cohort study

Back 143

those who don't have the outcome but who could all potentially experience that outcome

Front 144

define the population of study in a case control study

Back 144

those who have the outcome presently

Front 145

Cheapest type of study.

Back 145

cross sectional study

Front 146

when are exposures and outcomes in a case control study?

Back 146

study group is defined by presence of outcome; exposures are measured (past or present)

Front 147

Cohort study: what is measured?

Back 147

cOhort measures Outcomes in a group with similar exposures

Front 148

Case control study: what is measured?

Back 148

casE control measures Exposures in a group with similar outcomes

Front 149

Case Control studies cannot measure risk. Instead they measure what?

Back 149

Odds Ratio: how much more likely it is for a person with outcome is to have an exposure than a person without an outcome

Front 150

Define Absolute Risk (AR)

Back 150

incidence of outcome

Front 151

Define Relative Risk (RR)

Back 151

incidence of outcome in exposed/incidence of outcome in unexposed

Front 152

Define Attributable Risk (aka Absolute Risk Reduction or ARR)

Back 152

incidence of outcome in exposed - incidence of outcome in unexposed

Front 153

Define Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)

Back 153

1-RR

Front 154

Define Odds Ratio (OR)

Back 154

odds of exposure in person with outcome/odds of exposure in person without outcome

Front 155

Calculate Odds based on Probability

Back 155

Odds = probability of event/1-probability of event

Front 156

Calculate Probability based on Odds

Back 156

Probability = Odds/1+Odds

Front 157

Surgeon only operates on patients without significant comorbid conditions, then reports outcomes are better than other surgeons. What bias?

Back 157

selection bias

Front 158

Data gathered from 5 hospitals about stroke. One of the hospitals doesn't have MRI, so they use data from CT scans. What bias?

Back 158

measurement bias

Front 159

Study finds that construction workers who work 60 hours or more per week are more likely to have skin cancer. They conclude being over-worked causes skin cancer. What bias?

Back 159

confounding bias

Front 160

Patients with diarrhea are asked if they ate a specific food in the last week. Worry about what bias?

Back 160

recall bias

Front 161

New screening test claims to improve cancer survival by five years. Later study finds this cancer's average age of onset is earlier. What bias has this screening test created?

Back 161

lead-time bias

Front 162

Cancer prognosis is different in 2 hospitals. It is found that they use 2 different screeing test and one fails to catch the cancers with poor prognosis. What bias?

Back 162

length bias

Front 163

Type 1 (alpha) error vs Type 2 (beta) error: how to remember?

Back 163

Type 1: rejects the nullType 2: don't reject null (remember TWO is a DOUBLE negative)

Front 164

Define p value

Back 164

probability that the differences found in the study occurred by chance

Front 165

How to increase Power in a study.

Back 165

increase number of subjects

Front 166

How to decrease the Confidence Interval in a study?

Back 166

increase number of subjects

Front 167

Conclusion of insignificant difference based on confidence interval? (2)

Back 167

it crosses 1 on plot of RR or Oddsit crosses 0 on plot of ARR

Front 168

Bias introduced into a study when a clinician is aware of the patient's treatment type.

Back 168

Observational bias

Front 169

Bias introduced when screening detects a disease earlier & thus lengthens the time from diagnosis to death.

Back 169

Lead-time bias

Front 170

If you want to know if race affects infant mortality rate but most of the variation in infant mortality is predicted by socioeconomic status, then socioeconomic status is a ____.

Back 170

confounding variable

Front 171

The number of true positives divided by the number of patients w/ the disease is ____.

Back 171

sensitivity

Front 172

Sensitive tests have few false negatives & are used to rule ____ a disease.

Back 172

OUT

Front 173

PPD reactivity is used as a screening test because most people w/ TB (except those who are anergic) will have a (+)PPD. Highly sensistive or specific?

Back 173

highly SENSITIVE for TB

Front 174

Chronic diseases such as SLE -- higher prevalence or incidence?

Back 174

higher PREVALENCE

Front 175

Epidemics such as influenza -- higher prevalence or incidence?

Back 175

higher INCIDENCE

Front 176

Cross-sectional survey --incidence or prevalence?

Back 176

PREVALENCE

Front 177

Cohort study -- incidence or prevalence?

Back 177

incidence AND prevalence

Front 178

Case-control study -- incidence or prevalence?

Back 178

Neither

Front 179

Describe a test that consistently gives identical results, but the results are wrong.

Back 179

high reliability, low validity

Front 180

Difference between a cohort & a case-control study.

Back 180

COHORT studies can be used to calculate relative risk (RR), incidence, and/or odds ratio (OR). CASE-CONTROL studies can be used to calculate (only?) an odds ratio (OR).

Front 181

Attributable risk?

Back 181

[the incidence rate (IR) of a disease in exposed] - [the IR of a disease UNexposed]

Front 182

Relative risk?

Back 182

[the incidence ratio (IR) of a disease in a population exposed TO A PARTICULAR FACTOR] / [the IR of those not exposed]

Front 183

Odds ratio (OR)?

Back 183

The liklihood of a disease among individuals exposed to a risk factor compared to those who have NOT been exposed

Front 184

Number needed to treat (NNT)?

Back 184

1 / [rate in UNtreated - rate in treated group]

Front 185

In which patients do you initiate colorectal cancer screening early?

Back 185

Patients who have either ...IBD FAP/HNPCC;1st-degree relatives w/ adenomatous polyps (<60 y/o), or colorectal cancer

Front 186

The most common cancer in men & the most common cause of death from cancer in men.

Back 186

PROSTATE cancer is the most common cancer in men, but LUNG cancer causes more (the most) deaths

Front 187

The percentage of cases within ONE standard deviation (SD) from the mean?TWO SDs?THREE SDs?

Back 187

1 SD = 68.0%2 SD = 95.5%3 SD = 99.7%

Front 188

Birth rate?

Back 188

Number of live births per 1000 population

Front 189

Fertility rate?

Back 189

Number of live births per 1000 WOMEN 15-44 YEARS OF AGE

Front 190

Mortality rate?

Back 190

Number of deaths per 1000 population

Front 191

NEONATAL mortality rate?

Back 191

Number of deaths from *BIRTH - 28 DAYS* per 1000 LIVE births

Front 192

POSTNATAL mortality rate?

Back 192

Number of deaths from *28 DAYS - 1 YEAR* per 1000 LIVE births

Front 193

INFANT mortality rate?

Back 193

Number of deaths from *BIRTH - 1 YEAR* per 1000 LIVE births(neonatal mortality + postnatal mortality)

Front 194

FETAL mortality rate?

Back 194

Number of deaths from *20 WEEKS GESTATION - BIRTH* per 1000 TOTAL births

Front 195

PERINATAL mortality rate?

Back 195

Number of deaths from *20 WEEKS GESTATION - 1 MONTH OF LIFE* per 1000 TOTAL births

Front 196

MATERNAL mortality rate?

Back 196

Number of deaths *DURING PREGNANCY - 90 DAYS POSTPARTUM* per 100 000 LIVE births

Front 197

X (type) mortality rate = number of deaths from [A - B] timeframe per 1000 [LIVE, TOTAL] deaths(neonatal, postnatal, infant, fetal, perinatal, maternal)

Back 197

NEONATAL: birth - 28 days (live) POSTNATAL: 28 days - 1 year (live) INFANT: birth - 1 year (live) FETAL: 20 weeks' gestation - birth (total) PERINATAL: 20 weeks' gestation - 1 month of life (total) MATERNAL: during pregnancy - 90 days postpartum (live)