5-Thyroid And Parathyroid Glands

Front 1

What type of gland is the thyroid?

Back 1

endocrine

Front 2

What do thyroid hormones maintain?

Back 2

metabolism of other tissues

Front 3

Describe the essentialness of the thyroid.

Back 3

it is not essential in adults, but its absence in children leads to mental retardation and dwarfism

Front 4

Describe the vasculature of the thyroid.

Back 4

highly vascular and has one of the highest blood flow rates per gram of tissue of any organ of the body

Front 5

What are the two major lobes of the thyroid? What others are present?

Back 5

right and left lobes
a small pyramidal lobe is present at the isthmus in 40% of individuals

Front 6

What separates the right and left lobes of the thyroid?

Back 6

isthmus

Front 7

What is the pyramidal lobe a remnant of?

Back 7

the embryonic thyroglossal duct

Front 8

What does the thyroid gland develop from? Between what branchial arches?

Back 8

a down growth off the pharynx
between the 1st and 2nd branchial arches

Front 9

What markes the down growth of the thyroid in the adults?

Back 9

the foramen cecum at the apex of the sulcus terminalis marking the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Front 10

Describe the extension of the thyroglossal duct.

Back 10

extends down from the foramen cecum over the hyoid bone and down to the seconds tracheal ring

Front 11

Where is the site of the adult isthmus?

Back 11

at the second tracheal ring

Front 12

What is abnormal enlargement of the thyroid called?

Back 12

goiter

Front 13

What does the thyroid gland wrap around? What holds it in place?

Back 13

trachea and inferior portion of the larynx
pretracheal fascia

Front 14

Name the two pairs of arteries which supply the thyroid gland.

Back 14

superior thyroid areteries and inferior thyroid arteries

Front 15

What do the superior thyroid arteries branch from?

Back 15

first branch off the external carotid arteries

Front 16

What do the inferior thyroid arteries branch from?

Back 16

thyrocervical trunk

Front 17

What is the occasional third vessel that supplies the thyroid? What does it branch from?

Back 17

thyroid ima artery
directly off the aortic arch

Front 18

What is the clinical significance of the thyroid ima artery?

Back 18

its possible presence is one of the reasons emergency tracheotomies are not done more frequently below the isthmus of the thyroid gland

Front 19

Name the three pairs of veins which drain blood from the thyroid.

Back 19

superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

Front 20

What do the superior thyroid veins drain into? middle? and inferior?

Back 20

superior-internal jugular
middle-internal jugular
inferior-R&L brachiocephalic veins

Front 21

Lymph from the thyroid gland generally runs into what?

Back 21

superior or inferior deep cervical lymph nodes, or paratracheal lymph nodes

Front 22

What restricts blood flow to the thyroid gland?

Back 22

sympathetic innervation by the postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior, middle and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia

Front 23

What does PTH maintain?

Back 23

calcium levels

Front 24

How many parathyroid glands are there?

Back 24

4

Front 25

Where do the parathyroid glands lie with respect to the thyroid?

Back 25

on the inner surface of the thyroid gland

Front 26

Which arteries supply the parathyroid?

Back 26

inferior thyroid arteries

Front 27

What drains the parathyroid?

Back 27

thyroid venous plexus

Front 28

Lymph from the parathyroid gland flows into what?

Back 28

paratracheal or deep cervical lymph nodes

Front 29

Is the parathyroid gland neccessary for life? What can occur if it is removed

Back 29

yes
calcium and parathyroid extracts must be given to raise calcium levels, otherwise tetany and ultimately death will occur

Front 30

What does the thyroid gland develop from?

Back 30

a midline pharyngeal outpocketing at the site of the future foramen cecum

Front 31

What does the thyroid gland develop between?

Back 31

terberculum impar and copula

Front 32

Name the important structures formed from pharyngeal outpocketings.

Back 32

thyroid, tonsils, tube (eustachian), thymus, and parathyroid

Front 33

The pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland is a remainder of what embryonic development?

Back 33

thyroglossal duct

Front 34

Where can ectopic thyroid tissue be found?

Back 34

in the midline anywhere between the foramen cecum around the hyoid bone and down to the isthmus of the thyroid gland

Front 35

What are the boundaries of the root of the neck?

Back 35

1st rib, manubrium sterna and 1st thoracic vertebra

Front 36

What does the anterior scalenus muscle insert onto?

Back 36

1st rib

Front 37

What artery runs posterior to the anterior scalenus muscle?

Back 37

subclavian artery

Front 38

Name the branch(es) of the medial subclavian artery.

Back 38

vertebral artery, thyrocervical trunk and internal thoracic artery

Front 39

Name the branches of the thyrocervial trunk.

Back 39

inferior thyroid artery, transverse cervical artery, suprascapular artery

Front 40

Name the branch(es) of the posterior subclavian artery.

Back 40

costocervical trunk

Front 41

Name the branch(es) of the lateral subclavian artery.

Back 41

dorsal scapular artery

Front 42

What does the vertebral artey supply?

Back 42

brain

Front 43

What branches from the inferior thyroid artery?

Back 43

ascending cervical artery

Front 44

What does the transverse cervical artery supply?

Back 44

posterior triangle m.

Front 45

What does the suprascapular artery travel to?

Back 45

scapula m.

Front 46

What do the internal thoracic artery go to?

Back 46

anterior intercostal art

Front 47

What does the costocervial trunch go to?

Back 47

intercostal and deep cervical artery

Front 48

What does the dorsal scapular artery go to?

Back 48

scapula muscles

Front 49

What runs anterior to the anterior scalenus muscle?

Back 49

phrenic nerve, vagus, and subclavian vein

Front 50

What runs posterior to the anterior scalenus muscle?

Back 50

subclavian artery and brachial plexus

Front 51

What are the three cervical sympathetic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk?

Back 51

inferior middle, and superior cervical ganglia

Front 52

Where do the inferior cervical ganglion lie? What do they wrap around?

Back 52

at the 1st rib
vertebral artery

Front 53

What are the inferior cervical ganglion a part of? What else is a part of it?

Back 53

stellate ganglia
superior thorax sympathetic chain ganglia

Front 54

Where do the middle cervical ganglion lie?

Back 54

C6 on the inferior thyroid artery

Front 55

Where do the superior cervical ganglion lie?

Back 55

C2&3