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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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defin of anemia
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dec. red cell mass with dec. in o2 tansport capacity of the blood
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polycythemia
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increase in red cell mass
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ways to classify anemias
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blood loss
dec. rbc survival dec. rbc production |
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young healthy people can tolerate rapid loss of
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500-1000 mL (up to 15-20% of total blood volume)
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takes ______ for fluids to redistribute after losing 500-1000 mL of blood
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24 hours
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all people are symptomatic when they lose how much blood
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1500-2000 mL
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rapid loss of _______ mL produces shock
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2000-2500
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hemolytic anemias are characterized by
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dec. rbc survival
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2 types of hemolysis
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intravascular
extravascular |
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a decrease in _______is a key feature of intravascular hemolysis
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haptoglobin
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a decrease in haptoglobin is a key feature of
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intravascular hemolysis
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where does extravascular hemolysis take place
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spleen, liver (RES)
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hemolytic anemias are classified by the mechanism or rbc destruction into...
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intrinsic (hb production, membrane abnormality)
extrinsic (ab, mechanical trauma) |
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examples of extravascular hemolysis
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spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia, erthroblastosis fetalis
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examples of intrinic defects
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membrane defects: spherocytosis
abnormal hemoglobin: HbS Lack of globin chains: Thalassemias |
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what type of hemolysis for spherocytosis
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extravascular
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what type of hemolysis for sickle cell anemia
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extravascular
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what type of hemolysis for thalassemia
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extravascular
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about _____% of blacks in US have sickle cell TRAIT
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8%
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spherocytosis is a deficiency in what
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spectrin
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what races are thalassemias common in
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mediterranean
african southeast asian |
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G6PD deficiency is what type of hemolysis
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extravascular
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how is G6PD inherited
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x linked
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G6PD is seen most in what race
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blacks
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what happens in a glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
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rbc's are oxidized by drugs/toxins which denatures them and is destroyed
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what are the 3 intravascular hemolysis ones
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transfusin rxn
cardiac valve prosthesis malaria |
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who gets rogam, what is is, and when do they get it
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Rh-negative moms are given it within 72 hours of delivery of an Rh-positive fetus...it is an antibody against the Rh antigen of the fetus and it is given to the mom so she doesnt make antibodies against it
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IgG crosses plancenta
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true
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IgM cannot cross placenta
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true
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deficiencies in what nutrients can cause anemia
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iron
B12 folate |
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characteristic of rbc's with iron deficiency anemia
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smaller (microcytic)
less hemoglobin (hypochromic) |
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what is the most common cause of anemia worldwide
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iron deficiencey
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what type of anemia do you have if you are deficient in vitamin b12 and folate
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megaloblastic anemia
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both b12 and folate are cofactors in the synthesis of
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thymidine (the "T" base of DNA)
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what do you see with megaloblastic anemia
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(caused by deficiency in b12 and folate)
abnormally large red cell precursors (megaloblast) decr. prod. of mature rbc's abnormally large rbc's (macrocytes) so high MCV |
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where can you find vitamin b12
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animal foods
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where can you find folate
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fresh vegetabales
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where is b12 absorbed
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distal ileum
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where is folate absorbed
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proximal small intestine
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what is aplastic anemia
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decreased rbc production due to messed up stem cells
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what do you see with aplastic anemia
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all cellular elements in the blood (rbc's, wbc's, platelets) is decreased...this is called pancytopenia
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what are the 2 theories behind aplastic anemia
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1: inherited defect in stem cell production
2: suppression of stem cells by T lymphocytes |
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bone marrow transplants have been successful for aplastic anemia in patients less than _______ years old
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40
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decreased production of rbc's due to messed up stem cells is called
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aplastic anemia
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decreased production of rbc's due to replacement of marrow elements is called
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myelophthisic anemia
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what do you see with myelophthisic anemia
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normal elements of bone marrow are crowded out by a tumor or fibrosis
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what is polycythemia
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opposite of anemia; increase in rbc mass
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relative polycythemia is cause by
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dehydration
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absolute polycythemia can be either primary or secondary...talk about these 2
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primary absolute: normal or dec. levels of erthythropoietin
secondary absolute: increased levels of erythrompoietin |
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living at a high altitude can cause what type of polycythemia
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secondary absolute
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when does primary absolute polycythemia occur
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when a neoplastic proliferation of rbc's called polycythemia vera makes extra rbc's
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what type of polycythemia is polycythemia vera associated with
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primary absolute polycythemia
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