5--History And Beneficial Bacteria

Front 1

Bubonic plague

Back 1

First documented pandemic.
Severe case in 1300's, the black death, 40 million people died.
Caused by Yersinia pestis

Front 2

Yersinia pestis

Back 2

Gram-negative rod-shaped bacillus caused plague, using fleas as vectors, which in turn were carried by rats.

Circulates in blood, causes hemorrhages in lymph nodes. Symptom is boboes, or purple splotches in areas of body with numerous lymph nodes.

Front 3

Pneumonic plague

Back 3

Yersinia bacteria also spread from human to human, through respiratory droplets. 100% mortality rate.

Front 4

Edward Jenner

Back 4

English physician in 1700s.

First documented use of vaccine, injecting children with liquids from cowpox lesions to prevent smallpox.
Idea from immunity of milkmaids to smallpox.

Front 5

Germ theory of disease

Back 5

Developed by Koch and Pasteur in 1800's, contradicting current belief in 'poisonous vapors.'

Front 6

Louis Pasteur

Back 6

First scientist to show that diseases were spread from other infections.

Invented pasteurization, and developed cholera vaccine.

Front 7

Pasteurization

Back 7

Flash-heating to kill most bacteria. Preferred over sterilization because it does not reduce flavor and nutritional value. Products still contain live bacteria, so must be consumed before bacteria multiply into millions. Called shelf-life.

Front 8

Vaccine for cholera

Back 8

Pasteur took blood from infected chicken, heated blood. Injected into healthy chickens, who did not die. Injected live, deadly cholera into same chickens, did not die.

Front 9

Pasteur's Vaccines

Back 9

showed that altered form of organism can provide some protection against disease. Called vaccines after 'vacca', meaning cow, based on Jenner's work.

Front 10

Koch

Back 10

Late 1800s, studied etiology (cause of disease) for anthrax.

Observed rod-shaped bacteria in blood of infected animal. Injected blood into mice, mice died, Koch saw same rod-shaped bacteria in mouse blood. Theory: Each disease is caused by specific microbe. (contrary to idea of one evil microbe)

Front 11

Bacillus anthracis

Back 11

Causes anthrax, infects humans and cattle, causes internal hemorrhaging. May lie dormant in soil for 30 years. Used in bioterrorism because once it spreads through lymphatic system, it cannot by destroyed by antibiotics.

Front 12

Semmelweis

Back 12

Late 1800s, showed maternity patients recovered quickly when doctors washed hands before operations.

Front 13

Joseph Lister

Back 13

Late 1800s, invented antiseptic to spray on patient before operations. Increased post-op survival rates by decreasing infection, esp. from staphyloccocus aureus.

Front 14

Fleming

Back 14

While studying growth of staphyloccocus, noticed no bacteria grew near penicillium mold. Discovered penicillin, effective antibiotic until overuse favored bacteria with penicilinase enzymes that break down drug.

Front 15

Beneficial Properties of Staphyloccus aureus

Back 15

Retards fungal infections.

Front 16

Nitrobacter

Back 16

Recycling bacteria. common in soil, converts proteins of dead matter into nitrates that are absorbed by plants.

Front 17

Beneficial properties of E. coli

Back 17

One of few regular sources of Vit. K. Also helps expel excess cholesterol from body.

Front 18

Lactobacillus

Back 18

Reside in vagina, helps maintain acidic environment that reduces fungal growth and yeast infections.