5--Endocrine System Pt. 2

Front 1

Goiter

Back 1

Enlargement of the thyroid, iodine deficiency.

Front 2

Rickets

Back 2

Vitamin D deficiency inhibits actions of calcitonin, calcium is absorbed from bones, causing abnormal growth.

Front 3

Hyperthyroidism

Back 3

Excess TH. Rapid heartbeat, high BP, weight loss.

Front 4

Hypothyroidism

Back 4

Low TH. Weight gain, sluggish metabolism.

Disorders usually genetic, can be from autoimmunity or inflammation.

Front 5

Gigantism

Back 5

Proportionally normal but excessively large. Excessive growth at epiphyseal plates of long bones.

Front 6

Dwarfism

Back 6

Underproduction of GH, proportionally normal but excessively short. Can be genetic or caused by a tumor or injury to pituitary gland.

Front 7

Acromegaly

Back 7

Overproduction of GH in adulthood, abnormal growth of bone, cartilage, and connective tissues.

Front 8

Hyperparathyroidism

Back 8

Excess PTH causes too much calcium to be removed from the bone. Weakened bones, causes kidney stones from excess calcium, affects nerves and muscle contractions.

Front 9

Cortisol

Back 9

Shuts down inflammation and speeds recovery. Cortisol drugs (cortisone) prescribed as meds for patients with asthma and inflammatory disorders.

Front 10

Body is stressed and losing glucose rapidly

Back 10

Glucose concentrations drop. Cortisol is released by adrenals, promoting breakdown of muscle proteins into glucose. Reduces rate of glucose use by muscles.

Front 11

Chronic stress

Back 11

Causes release of cortisol and epinephrine, can shock body by altering normal blood glucose concentrations. Linked to many diseases, as cardiovascular disease, depression, immunosuppression.

Front 12

Pineal Gland

Back 12

Embedded in the brain, secretes melatonin when light is low or absent, acts on neurons that lower body temp. Influences body clock.

Front 13

SAD

Back 13

Seasonal affective disorder, winter blues. Biological clock is out of sync with shortness of days, daytime melatonin production. Treated by exposure to intense light.

Front 14

Pancreas

Back 14

Alpha cells: release glucagon, causing liver to break glycogen into glucose. (blood glucose concentrations increase.)
Beta cells: secrete insulin, increasing absorption of glucose by cells such as muscle and adipose. (blood glucose levels drop)

Together, regulate blood sugar.

Front 15

Diabetes mellitus

Back 15

Type 1
Autoimmune disorder, WBCs destroy pancreas cells. Caused by defective genes, lysogenic viruses, onset usually in childhood or juvenile.

Type 2
Insulin production decreases with age. Excessive intake of simple sugars may cause glucose intolerance.

Front 16

Ketoacidosis

Back 16

Disruption of blood pH.
Low insulin causes high glucose levels in blood that is not absorbed by cells.
Excess glucose shunted to kidneys.
Water-solute balance altered, kidneys produce excessive urine.
Auto-metabolic pathway: cells metabolize their structural fats and proteins as alternate sources of energy.
Ketones are acidic products, altering blood pH. Life-threatening.

Front 17

Rebound hyperglycemia

Back 17

Simple carb consumption elevates glucose levels and insulin production. Result: hyperglycemia, glucose rapidly absorbed by body tissues. Emotional mood swings: excited, nervous, hyperactive.
Hypoglycemia: High insulin causes glucose concentration to drop suddenly. Result: irritable, depressed, headaches.

Front 18

Insulin shock

Back 18

Can develop from hypoglycemia, soon plasma glucose concentrations are dangerously low, brain is starved for glucose.