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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Induction of Secondary axis |
Ability of large micromeres to induce additional blastopore, two primany mesnchymes, organizer |
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Sea urchin Vegetal pole specification Animal pole specification |
Autonomous, Large micromeres, Bcatenin wnt pathway Conditional, depends on environment and cell movements |
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Celegans |
worm, can be raised in a dish 16 hour embryogenesis, protostome hemaphroditic, produces both gametes, self fertilization predictable cell division and specification small fully sequenced genome |
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Celegans cleavage type |
Holoblastic isolecithal rotational cleavage Asymetrical on anterior/posterior axis D1 produces founder and stem cell D2 AB equtorial, P1 meridionally to produce EMS founder and P2 Stem cells devide meridional and produce anterior founder and posterior stem cell |
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Long axis of egg Sperm entry of pronucleus Centriole pushes sperm to Cell division and specification coordinated by |
Anterior/ posterior axis
Posterior side of egg Nearest oblong end Centriole and PAR proteins |
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P granules |
Riboncleoprotein complex found in cytoplasm Moved by PAR proteinis to P1 blastomere Par proteins help with mitotic spindle formation |
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Dorsal ventral axis |
Determined by formation of AB cell - AB devides and one shifts to anterior ABp moves above EMS - dorsal EMS - ventral Left right axis- 12 cell, EMS offspring interact with ABa offsring |
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Cell specification C elegans Autonomous Conditional |
P Cells - P1 in isolation would still act the same, does not depend on neighboring cells AB Cell- Requires induction from P1 descendents , in isolation could only make a fraction of descendants without input |
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Drosophila |
Segmented, invertebrate, 6 head, 3 thorax, 8 abdoment
Segments established by release of morphogens |
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Drosophila oocyte |
4 devisions- 16 nurse cells become polyploid, surrounded by somatic ovarian follicle cells follicle cells determine posterior and anterior Granular pole plasm at posterior |
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Drosophila patterning |
Determined by interactions between egg, nursing cells, follicular cells AP and DV before fertilization 13th division - no individual membranes |
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Drosophila cleavage |
Superficial cleavage along rim, large yolk quick, many nuclei, move to sides to devide 9 syncytial blastoderm - common cytoplasm 13th division- centralize in blastoderm Midblastula transition between syncytial blastodem stage |
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Drosophilia express some genes |
prior to onset of divisions - required so that mitotic cycles can be programmed |
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Drosophila gastrulation |
Ventral furrow - invagination along ventral middle Cephalic furrow - anterioir and posterior inv Germ band - elongate, posterior moves to dorsal Parasegments at extended germ band, 2/3 aterior segment and 1/3 posterior Germ band - retracts, definitive segements |
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Gastrulation ectoderm and mesoderm |
Migrate to ventral midline to form germ band
Germ band - cells along ventral midline that form trunk |
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Gastrulation Mesoderm |
Migrate inwards to form ventral furrow VF- forms with invagination, closes as mesoderm is internalized |
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Gastrulation endoderm |
Anterior and posterior ventral furrow invaginations, pole cells are internalized Embryo bends to form cephalic furrow in aterior |
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Drosophila maternal genes |
Bicoid and hunchback - anterior structures Nanos and caudal - posterior These regulate gap genes which regulates transcription of pair rule genes which regulate segment polarity genes |
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Gap genes |
Map out subdivisions along anterior posterior axis Mutations cause gaps in segmentation |
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Pair rule genes |
Define pattern in terms of pairs of segments Mutations cause half the normal number of segments |
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Segment polarity genes |
Set anterior posterior axis Mutations cause segments with missing parts |
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Translation factor changes Transcription factor changes |
Cytoplasm Nuclei |
