5, 6, & 7

Front 1

Consciousness

Back 1

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Front 2

Circadium Rhythm

Back 2

The biological clock, regular bodily rhythms (for example temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

Front 3

REM Sleep

Back 3

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active.

Front 4

Alpha Waves

Back 4

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

Front 5

Sleep

Back 5

Periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from the unconsciousness resultign from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

Front 6

Hallucinations

Back 6

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

Front 7

Delta Waves

Back 7

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

Front 8

NREM Sleep

Back 8

Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.

Front 9

Insomnia

Back 9

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

Front 10

Narcolepsy

Back 10

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

Front 11

Sleep Apnea

Back 11

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

Front 12

Night Terrors

Back 12

A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within tow or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

Front 13

Dream

Back 13

A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

Front 14

Manifest Content

Back 14

According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

Front 15

Latent Content

Back 15

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream ( as distinct from its manifest content).

Front 16

REM Rebound

Back 16

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).

Front 17

Hypnosis

Back 17

A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

Front 18

6

Back 18

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Front 19

Learning

Back 19

A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.

Front 20

Habituation

Back 20

An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it.

Front 21

Associative Learning

Back 21

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

Front 22

Classical Conditioning

Back 22

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

Front 23

Behaviorism

Back 23

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

Front 24

UR

Back 24

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

Front 25

US

Back 25

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response.

Front 26

CR

Back 26

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

Front 27

CS

Back 27

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Front 28

Acquisition

Back 28

In classical conditioning, the intial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Front 29

Higher-Order Conditioning

Back 29

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.

Front 30

7

Back 30

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Front 31

Memory

Back 31

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Front 32

Encoding

Back 32

The processing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning.

Front 33

Storage

Back 33

The retention of encoded information over time.

Front 34

Retrieval

Back 34

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Front 35

Sensory Imagery

Back 35

The immediate, very breif recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Front 36

Short-Term Memory

Back 36

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

Front 37

Long-Term Memory

Back 37

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Front 38

Working Memory

Back 38

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Front 39

Parallel Processing

Back 39

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Front 40

Automatic Processing

Back 40

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Front 41

Effortful Processing

Back 41

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Front 42

Rehearsal

Back 42

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

Front 43

Spacing Effect

Back 43

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Front 44

Serial Position Effect

Back 44

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Front 45

Visual Encoding

Back 45

The encoding of picture images.

Front 46

Acoustic Encoding

Back 46

The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

Front 47

Semantic Encoding

Back 47

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.