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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Increase in serum liver enzymes due to hepatitis A- what happens to liver cells?
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defects in cell membrane
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periportal necrosis- causes
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phosphorus poisoning
eclampsia |
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centilobular necrosis- causes
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ischemic injury
carbon tetrafluoride acetominophen metabolites |
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midzonal necrosis- causes
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yellow fever
(rare) |
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causes of chronic hepatitis
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1 alcohol
2 autoimmune- autoimmune hepatitis 3 drugs- isoniazid, ketoconazole, methyldopa, nitrofurantoin 4 inherited- Wilson's disease, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency 5 non-alcoholic steatohepatitis 6 viral- hepatitis B (+/- D), C, E) |
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where is COX1 found in most abundance
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Gastric mucosa
Kidney |
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where is COX2 found in most abundance
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COX2 expression in normal cells is nearly zero
It is upregulated in inflammation |
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how does inhibition of COX1 cause stomach ulceration?
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reduced basal production of PGE2 and PGI2, which have cytoprotective functions
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mediator of asthma induced bronchoconstriction
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Leukotrienes via the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism
COX inhibitors would have no effect |
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asthma bronchoconstriction- mediators
urticaria febrile episodes reduced arthritic pain bruisability |
asthma- leukotrienes
urticaria- histamine febrile episodes- increased protaglandins reduced arthritic pain- decrease protaglandins bruisability- prolonged corticosteroid administration |
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Functions of TGF-beta
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1 induces apoptosis through the SMAD (via MAP kinase 8) and DAXX (death associated protein 6) pathways
2 induces synthesis of p15 and p21, which block Rb phosphorylation, stopping the cell cycle at G1 3 blocks activation of lymphocytes and monocyte derived phagocytes by regulating Foxp3+ T regulatory cells |
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TGF-beta role in cancer
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1 mutated TGF-beta causes loss of cell cycle control--> cell proliferation
2 increased TGF-beta causes immunosuppression and angiogenesis in the stroma--> cancer invasion 3 TGF-beta converts effector T cells to helper T cells--> less cancer destruction |
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TGF-beta role in heart disease
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TGF- beta is protective to the heart, but cholesterol may reduce the ability of TGF-beta to protect the heart leading to atherosclerosis and heart disease
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TGF-beta role in Marfan
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underlying defect in Marfan is defective Fibrillin (glycoprotein), an important component of elastic fibers
TGF-beta antagonists have shown relief in affected mice |
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TGF-beta role in Loey's Dietz
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Mutations in the TGF-beta receptor cause Loey's Dietz
Symptoms of Loey's Dietz are very similar to Marfan TGF-beta stimulates many steps in fibrogenesis |
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TGF-beta role in fibrogenesis
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fibroblast chemotaxis
production of collagen (by fibroblasts) inhibition of collagen degradation |
