5/25 Energy Balance And Atmospheric Circulation Pt 2

Front 1

_____ and ______ allow navigators to identify a location on a spherical Earth.

Back 1

latitude and longitude

Front 2

When the Sun shines directly over the equator, the equator receives the most intense solar radiation, and the poles receive little. T or False

Back 2

True, duh.

Front 3

________ is the tendency of land to experience more thermal variationthan water, due to the land's lower specific heat capacity

Back 3

Continentality

Front 4

What is specific heat?

Back 4

Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of1 gram of material by 1 degree Celsius.

Front 5

Non-radiative heat transfers. Available net radiation is used to do work in the Earth system. The principal use of this energy is inthe phase change of ____ (latent heat, LE), changing the temperature of the ___ (sensible heat,H), and ______ (ground heat, G) or,Q* = H + LE + G

Back 5

water, air subsurface

Front 6

There is a distinctive pattern to incoming sunlight. The greatest amount of sunlight is at that area which is directly _____ to the Sun.

Back 6

Perpendicular

Front 7

The variables LE, H, and G stand for what respectively?

Back 7

LE = Latent Heat

H = Sensible Heat

G = Ground Heat

Front 8

LE, H, and G involve non-radiative transfers of heat. That is, ____ or _______/advection are responsible for the transfer of heat (thermal energy), not electromagnetic radiation

Back 8

conduction, convection

Front 9

During the Autumnal Equinox and Vernal Equinox, where is the sun with respect to the equator?

Back 9

Sun sits directly above the equator

Front 10

During the Summer Solstice and the Winter Solstice Equinox, where is the sun with respect to the equator?

Back 10

During the Summer Solstice the Sun sits directly 23 1/2 degrees above the equator and the inverse is true for the Winter Solstice

Front 11

Ground Heat Transfer (G). The third major use of radiant energy is to warm the subsurface of the Earth. Heat is transferred from the surface downwards via ________ .

Back 11

conduction

Front 12

Heat is transferred downwards when the surface is _____ than the subsurface (positive ground heat flux). If the subsurface is ____ than the surface then heat is transferred upwards (negative ground heat flux).

Back 12

warmer

Front 13

Sensible Heat H = (Ts-Ta) what does Ts and Ta represent?

Back 13

Ts: surface temperature Ta: air temperature

Front 14

______ heat is heat energy transferred between the surface and air when there is adifference in temperature between them.

Back 14

Sensible

Front 15

There are three important non-radiative heat transfers. What are they?

Back 15

Ground-Ground (Conduction), Ground-Air (Conduction), Air-Air (Convection)

Front 16

A change in temperature over distance is called a"_________ _______". In the case of sensible heat transfer between the ground and surface air, it is a vertical _____ _______ i.e., between the surface and the air above

Back 16

temperature gradient

Front 17

Heat is initially transferred into the air by conduction as air molecules collide with those ofthe surface. As the air warms it circulates upwards via ________. Thus the transfer ofsensible heat is accomplished in a two-step process.

Back 17

convection

Front 18

A _____ column (or ____) is a column of rising air in the lower altitudes of the Earth's atmosphere. _______s are created by the ____uneven heating of the Earth's surface from solar radiation, and an example of convection.

Back 18

thermal, uneven

Front 19

If incoming solar radiation is 342 W/m^-2 and outgoing long wave radiation is 235 W/m^-2, then one can infer, given the fact that the net energy exchange is zero, that how much of the solar radiation is reflected by into space.

Back 19

107 W/m^-2

Front 20

From approximately 35o N to 35o S latitude (the red area of the graph) there is a _____ of energy as incoming radiation exceeds outgoing.

Back 20

surplus

Front 21

Why is it that the middle to higher latitudes aren't getting colder through time as a result of the net loss, and the subtropical to equatorial regions getting constantly hotter due to the net gain.

Back 21

The reason is that the energy is redistributed by circulation of the atmosphere and oceans. This process of redistributing energy in the Earth system helps maintain a long-term energy balance.

Front 22

This process of redistributing energy in the Earth system helps maintain a ____-____ energy balance.

Back 22

long-term

Front 23

A parcel of air which is cooler (more dense) than the surrounding air will...

Back 23

sink toward the surface

Front 24

A parcel of air which is cooler (more dense) than the surrounding air will sink toward the surface. A parcel of air which is warmer (less dense) than the surrounding air will. . .

Back 24

rise from the surface

Front 25

Solar radiation striking Earth at ___ latitudes arrives at an ____ angle and spreads over a wide area. Therefore it is ____ intense than solar radiation arriving vertically at the equator.

Back 25

high, oblique, less

Front 26

The _____ effect deflects water and wind currents.

Back 26

Coriolis

Front 27

With regards to the Coriolis effect, water or air moving ___-___ from the equator is traveling east faster than the land beneath it and veers to the ____ (turns _____ in the Northern Hemisphere and _____in the Southern Hemisphere).

Back 27

pole-ward, east, right, left

Front 28

With regards to the Coriolis effect, water or air moving toward the equator is traveling east slower than the land beneath it and veers to the ____ (turns ____ in the Northern Hemisphere and ____in the Southern Hemisphere).

Back 28

west, right, left

Front 29

ITCZ stands for...

Back 29

Intertropical Convergence Zone

Front 30

Air rising at the equator moves poleward at high elevations, falls at about __° north and south latitudes, and returns to the equator, forming _____ winds.

Back 30

30, trade

Front 31

The patterns of atmospheric circulation and surface ocean currents function to ______ thermal energy (heat) from the ______ toward the ________.

Back 31

transport, tropics, poles

Front 32

After the Gulf Stream emerges from the Caribbean, itsplits in two, with one part heading _____-_____ to Europeand the other circulating back through the ______ Atlantic.

Back 32

north-east, tropical

Front 33

As the north-eastern branch of the Gulf Stream flows, it gives off heat tothe atmosphere, which in turn warms ______ land.

Back 33

European

Front 34

The north Atlantic ______ carries warm water tonorthern latitudes releasing heat to the atmosphere.

Back 34

conveyor

Front 35

By the time water in the gulf stream reaches the northern latitudes aroundGreenland and Iceland, the water has cooled so muchthat it sinks towards the ocean floor, a process knownas __________ .

Back 35

"overturning"

Front 36

This cooler water heads south, forming the _____ stream of a conveyor belt. The complete cycle sees _____ water coming northwards on the ocean's surface,and the _____ water returning hundreds or thousands ofmeters underwater.

Back 36

return, warm, cold