Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
inspriatory drive
|
medulla |
|
|
regulating medula during prolonged inspiriation |
apneustic |
|
|
pneumotatxic pons |
terminantes inspriation |
|
|
lung embryo creation and lining |
lining endoderm smooth muscle and ct mesoderm bud off foregut at week 4 |
|
|
ciliated pusdeostratified columnar cells from |
cartilage to brochioles |
|
|
brochiles verus bronchi |
no goblet cells ' no glands no cartilage |
|
|
terminal braonchioles |
simple cuboidoal at terminal end |
|
|
start of cubodila cells |
after temrinal bronhciles |
|
|
respiriatory zone
|
respiratory borhciles (cuboidal_ to avleboalr ducts and alveoli simple squamous |
|
|
club/clara cells |
low columnar cuboidal cells with secreotry granuleswithin penumocytes |
|
|
type 1 |
squamous thin lining alveoli |
|
|
type 2 penumo |
cuboidal and clusteered |
|
|
inhalation upright |
lower portion of right inferior lobe |
|
|
suppine position |
enters superior protion fo right infererlobe |
|
|
thoracentisis levels mid clavicle |
5-7th
|
|
|
thoracentsiiss mid axillary |
7-9 |
|
|
paravertebral thoracentisis |
9-11 |
|
|
pulonary artery relation to bronchus at each lunch hilum |
right anteiror left superiorr |
|
|
t 8 10 12 |
t 8 ivc t 10 eosphagus and vagus t12 aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein |
|
|
bifrcations common carodid trachea abbdominal artery |
common carotid c 4 trachea t4 abdominal area l4 |
|
|
daiphragym creation |
septum transversum from crinal mesenchye *ant mesentery foregut paried pleuroperiotondeal membrane (formed) dorsal mesetnary for esopaghus body wall |
|
|
formaen of bochdalke |
l sided due to earlier closing of right periorotineal opening -> lung hypoplaisa poly hydraominos flatted abdomnemn and cyasosis |
|
|
physoiolgilca dead space measurement |
vd= vt *(pa co2 - pe co2/ peco2) |
|
|
minute ventilation |
ve = vt *RR |
|
|
alveolar ventiation rate |
(vt-va)*RR |
|
|
elastic recoil |
alveoli collapse inward chell walls exapnd outwards |
|
|
pulmonary vascular resistance at a minimum at |
frc when alveolar and airways pressures are 0 with a neagtive intrapleural pressures |
|
|
compliacents |
change in volume for change pressure increased in empheysema and normal aging surfactat aims to increase compliance |
|
|
decrease compliance |
pumonary fibrosis penumona pulomary edema |
|
|
right shifted curve means |
less affinity for oxygen o2 unloaded icnresaed acidiity increase cl inreased exercise increase 2 3 bpg increased in c02 increase temperature |
|
|
methemeglobin causes |
nitrates nitrites antimalarial dapsone sulfamides local anesthetics lidocaine metoclorpamide |
|
|
o2 content = |
o2 binding capcity * % sat + dissolved o2 |
|
|
co poisining lab values |
normal hb decrease in o2% sat normal disolved o2 pao2 decreased total o2 content |
|
|
decrease hb normal %sat normal pao2 decreased total o2 conent |
anemia
|
|
|
diffusion equation v gass |
a/t *(dk (p1-p2) |
|
|
emphysemia and avelolar wall thickness |
decreased a decreased difussion |
|
|
pumonary fiborisis and diffusion |
increase thickness decreased diffussion |
|
|
pvr |
p pulmonary artery - p left atirum / CO p left atrium = pcwp |
|
|
alveolar gas equation |
paO2 - 150 - arterial co2 / 0.8 |
|
|
decresed in arterial o2 paos iwth nroaml a to a graident |
Hypoventiation and high altitude |
|
|
increased AA gradiet with hypoexmeia |
v/1 mismatch disfufsion limitation right to left hsut |
|
|
increased a to a gradietn with hyposemia non respionvie to o2 |
shunt (r/o difussion limitation) |
|
|
bohr effect |
tissue metabolites increase acidity causing right shift curve |
|
|
haldane |
oxyengation of hb causes h + to levave shift equation to c02 formation, unloaded in lungs |
|
|
nsoe bleed in anterior |
keisselbach |
|
|
nse bleed in posterior |
sphenopalatine (maxillary artery) |
|
|
homan sign |
pain of calf upon dorsiflexion |
|
|
lines of zahn |
found in thrombi before death |
|
|
fat emboli 3 |
hypoemia neurlogical bnormalities petehcial rash |
|
|
tachycardia tachypnea altered mental status |
pumonary emboli |
|
|
best imaging for pulmonary emboli |
ct with contrast |
|
|
chronic bronhciitis |
hyperpalsia af mucus screating glands in bronchi with increaed in ried index productive cough for > 3 motnhs for > 2 years LATE Onset dyspnea |
|
|
late onset dyspena versus early onset dyspnea |
chornic bronhciitis is late onset empyhesma is early |
|
|
emphysema and compliance |
increased lung compliance meaning loss of elastic recoil |
|
|
curhsmann spirals |
shed peitheliaum forms whorlded musucus plugs |
|
|
charcot ledyen cyrstals |
eosinophili hexagonal dobule pointed needle like cyrstals formed form breadkwon in eospinophils in sputum |
|
|
caplan |
rheamtod arhtisia psneumocinosis intrapulmonary nodules |
|
|
supradiagnorpahgmaitic and pluerpal plaques clacifidied ivory white |
abestosis |
|
|
granulmoatonus upper lobe
non caseating granuloma like sarcoidsis |
berriylosis |
|
|
upper lobes |
silicosis coal warorkers penu berrylosis |
|
|
egg shell califications on hilar lymph nodes |
silicosis |
|
|
normal PCWP with bilateral lung oapacities |
ards |
|
|
hyper resonant percussions |
penumothorax simple or tension |
|
|
dull percussion |
plueral efsusion atelectasis consodilation |
|
|
trachael eviation away from |
tension or plueral effusion (if large) |
|
|
towards side of lesion trachael devisiation |
atelectasis |
|
|
increased tactile fremintus |
consolidaiton fo pneumona or pulmoary edema |
|
|
honey comb lung on CT |
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis |
|
|
indioapthic pulmonary fibrosis cause |
genetic mutaitos to telomerase mucin muc5b |
|
|
ried index >50% |
chornic bronchitisi |
|
|
productive cough
decreased PaO2 PAO2 Increased PaCO@ |
choornic bronhicitis |
|
|
cor pulmonale due to chronic brochitis |
hypoxic induced vaso constriction |
|
|
emphysema |
decreasd elastic recoil -> air trap of small airways collapsed obstructive |
|
|
pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) |
+GAS |
|
|
polyribosylribtiol phosphate + |
Haemophilus influenza vaccine created by conjugating this to Diptehria toxoid |
|
|
isonaizid neuropathy |
vit b 6 deficiency |
|
|
elastin versus collagen |
elastin has few proline and lysine residues hydroxylated no tripple helix in elastin interhcain crosslinks involving lysine (elastin) veruss triple helix in collagen |
|
|
ards |
non cardiolgenic pulmonary edema causing intraalveolar hyaline membrane |
|
|
cd 4 count less than 50 |
prophylaxis against MAC via azithromycin |
|
|
lower border of the lung |
usually 2 intercostal spaces above respsective pleural border |
|
|
borders of lower pleura for r lung |
7th mid clavicle mid axillary upper 10th rib border paravertebral line 12th rib |
|
|
left lung borders of lwoer pleura |
5th -7th rib mid clavicle md axilary lower 10th rib paravertebral 12th rib |
|
|
paranasalsinuses |
ciliated spudeostratified columnar mucus screting |
|
|
nadph testing |
Nitroblue tetrazolium (blue when deficient) Dihydrorhodamine (DHR) flow: flourescent green |
|
|
isonaizid resistance moa |
decreasedexpression of catalase peroxidase enzyme modificaiton of protein target binding site for isoniazid |
|
|
elastin aa sequence |
glycine alanine valine nonhydroxylated proline and lysine |
|
|
side chain linking within extracytoplasm for elastin and collagen |
lysine residues (elastin) disulfide bridges (collagen) |
|
|
elastin resislence properies |
crosslinking desmosin of lysine |
|
|
MAC verus TB |
MAC: marked anemia hepatosplenomegaly elevated AKL phos LAD elevated MAC due to wide spread invovlemtn of reitculoendothelial system |
|
|
neuroendocrine specific markers |
nsueron specific enolase chromogranin synpatophysin |
|
|
cryptococuss neoformans |
causes menigitis in AIDS patients via hematoenous spread +capsulated |
|
|
blastmysosis |
broad base budding (same size as RBC) large yeast with singel borad based bud immnocompetent : lung infection |
|
|
majority of airway resistance within first 1- generations of bronchi |
regional airwasy resistance maximal at 2-5th generation in medium sized bronchi |
|
|
opacified lung with trachael deviation |
towards if lung volume loss (atelectasis) Away ( large pleural effusion |
|
|
opacificied lung with trachael devision away decreased breath soudns dull to perussion decreased tactile fremitus |
large pleural effusion |
|
|
decreasd breath sounds dull to percusison decrease fremitus x ray shows opacity with devition toward side of lesion |
atelectasis |
|
|
decreased breath sounds hyperresponat percusion with decrease dremitus |
pneumo |
|
|
decreased breath sounds with hyperresonant percussion with decreased fremittus with trachael deviation away |
tension pneumo |
|
|
brochila breath sounds late inspriatory crackles dull to percussion increased tatcile fremitus |
pneumonia or pulmonary edema |
|
|
absolute erythoscytosis |
increasd total RBC mass |
|
|
adneomacarcinoma versus mesothelioma |
adenocarcinoma: has short pulmump microvilli on em em for mesothelioma: long selnder microvili with abudnant tonofilaments |
|
|
hypoxia, bilateral weehzing, scattered rales low grade fever and runny nose progressive cough, tachypnea, aggitation |
brionchiolitis |
|
|
poly sacharride inhbition in fungals |
capsofungins: affect cell wall |
|
|
azoles and nyastaines inhibit |
cell membrane formation via erogsterol |
|
|
b cell definiciies |
bacteria giardia entervovirus |
|
|
t cell definciies |
fungal and virus |
|
|
internal layrngeal nerve |
brahc of superior alyrngeal nerve purely sensory and autnobimic mediates cough relfex found within the piriform recess |
|
|
ethambutol |
inbhit arabinosyl tranferanse (carbohydrate polymertization) |
|
|
dense fibrosis fibroblast prolfieration and cyst formation proimitne tsub plerual regions fev 1 / fvc > 80% with decrease fvc |
idiopathic pulomnary fibrosis |
|
|
bilateral diffuse patterns fo msall ireegular opacitiies graudal onset dyspena (exertional then rest) end inspriatory crackles at lung based FEV/FVC > 80 |
pumlonary fibrosis |
|
|
contamination of water supply + inhiabation of water |
legeinoalla |
|
|
fetal blood flow |
umblical vein ivc ductus venosus bypass hepatic circulation into the portal vein ra RV bypass into left atrium via foramen ovale go inot pulmonary artery back into the descending aorta |
|
|
varenicline |
partial agonist of Nicotinic acetychold receptors (reducse withdrawal cravings/attentuate rewarding effets on nicotine) reduces nicotine binding to prevent binding and inducing reward response |
|
|
direct thrombin inhibitors |
agatroben lepirudin hiriduin do not require ATIII |
|
|
pde inhibitors for platelet formation |
cilostazol dipyridamole |
|
|
abiciximab, eptifibatide tirofiban |
gp IIb/ IIIA inhibitors |
|
|
mc aspetic meninigits |
enterviruses (coxsackie, echoviurs, polio) arboviruses, HSV2 |
|
|
puritits ksin rash, fever, arhtralagis 7-14 days after ag exposure +lymphadeopathy +proteiuria +fibironid necrosis with netrophil infiltration decerase complement |
serum sickness
causes: chilermic monoclonal abx tiuximab infliximab nonhuman ig penicilins |
|
|
shigella pathogeniciyt |
invasion key to pathogenicity intracellular invasion via M cell invasion, host to hot cell via actin polymerization |
|
|
low potenty antipyschoitics 1st gen |
non neurological symptoms orthostatis hypotension anticholierngic sedation Chlorpomazine Thioridazine |
|
|
high potency 1st gen antiypschotics |
Haloperidol fluphenazine extrapyrmaidal symptoms acute dystnoia aktashia msuucualr rigidty like parkinsons |
|
|
intimal tear versus intmial streak |
streak: anuerysms tear: dissection |
|
|
passive uptake of billirubin |
unconjugated billirubin from blood to liver |
|
|
active portion of billirubin |
secretion of congjuated into biliary system can be freely excreeted into urine |
|
|
tissue architecture preserved afer cell death anucleated calls |
coagulative necrosis post ischemic ijury |
|
|
increase in renin post hypovolemia gfr rpf ff |
decrease gfr decrease rpf increased ff |
|
|
tpn and gall stones |
cause gall stone formation due to 1. decreased cck from lack of neteral simtuualtion and 2. illeal ressection (decrease bile acid reciruclation) more bile needed to be produced |
|
|
wrinkles |
net loss of dermal collagen and elastin collagen fibril production decrease (inlastic skin sags) |
|
|
optic tract lesions |
contraolateral homonymous hemipotpia with decreased in pupillary light reflex |
|
|
front eye field defect |
lack of conjugate gaze affected by acute lesions influence of contralateral eye field predominates |
|
|
lgn |
contralateral homonymous heminopia with noraml pupillary light reflex |
|
|
lateral geniculate nucleus versus otpic tract |
both ahve controal lateral homonymous hemiatnopia but optic tract lesions have decreased aftererent light relfex in contralaterl pupic |
|
|
dexrazoxane |
prevent dcm from danurubicin or doxorubicin |
|
|
amifostine used with |
cisplatin |
|
|
daptomycin |
used in MRSA gram + depoalrization of cellular membrane inactivated by pulmonary surfactant myopathy and dpk elevated |
|
|
vancomycin |
binds to glycopepite polyar and binds tightly to d al dl al red man syndrome nephrotoxicity MRSA efective |
|
|
linezolid |
50 s inhibit bacterial protein synthesis thrombocytopenia optic neuritits high risk for serotinin syndrome MRSA effective |
|
|
interstial myocardial granulomas |
aschoff bodies with rhematic fever with anistchkow wells - selnder chromatib ribbons |
