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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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insulin |
increased glucose uptake by binding to tyrosine kinase receptor incresed released of glut 4 glut 4 increases uptake of adipose and skeletal muscle glucose increased glycogen syntehsis and storage increased lipolysis increased triglyceride synthesis increased retention of na increased protein syntehsis increased cellular retuptake of k and amino acids decreased glucagon release increased gene transcription |
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glucose moa regulating insulin |
insulin regulated by glucose entering beta pancreatic cells causes increased of camp via glycolysis increasing atp increase in camp casues atp k sensitive channels to shut down, dephosphorylating cell ca rushing in at voltage gated k channels release of insulin into cell |
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glucagon |
made by alpha pancreatic cells increase gluconeogensis increase glycogenolysis increased lipolysis increased ketone production |
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regulation of glucagon |
drop in glucose |
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glucagon on hepatocytes |
increase in camp increase pka stimulates gluconeogensis rls is pyruvate carboxylase |
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cortisol |
icnreased blod pressure by increasing alpha 1 r on arterioles increased inuslin resistance increased gluconeogensis decrease fibroblast decreased cox and pla2 decreased eosinophils decreased bone formation |
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men with high sbg |
gyencomastia |
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females with low sbg |
hirtusim |
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elevated atch elevated cortisol no supression to either low or high dexamethasone |
ectopic atch |
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low atch elevated cortisol no supresion to either low or high dexamethsone |
cortisol producing tumor |
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supression by high dexamethosone |
cushing disease actch producing tumor of pituatary |
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cushing syndrome |
buffalo hump ammenorhea moon facises craziness ulcers skin changes infections necrosis of emofiral head glaucoma osterposisis immunosupresison diabetes |
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adrenal insufficiency |
can't produce glucocortiocoids or mineralocortidos
if no aldosterone: hypotention, hyperkalemia metabolic acidosis if no corotisol weakness |
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primary adrenal insufficiency |
skin changes hypotension hyperkalemia metabolic acidosis weight loss, malaise, weakness |
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secondary |
wekaness mailase weight loss |
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increased renin increased aldosterone |
hypertension hypokaemla metaoblic alkalosis renal issues |
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htn hypokalemia hypernatremia metabolic alkalosis |
primary alodsteronism conn syndrome |
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neuroblatoma markers |
homer weright rosettes abodminal distention irregular mass that corsses the midline opsoclonus cmyclonsu sysndrome dancing eyes dancing feet hva vma n-myc bombesin neuroson specific enolase less likely to see htn |
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pheochromocytosoma |
elevated episodic htn tachycardia ha tx with phenoxybenazmine then beta blockers then surgery MEN 2a 2b association nf1 |
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men 1 |
parathyoid tumor pancreatic tumors pituatry tumor |
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men2a |
pheocrhomocytoma parathyorid hyperplasia marfanoid habiuts medullary thryoid carcinoma |
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men2b |
medulary thryoid cardinoma pheochromocytoma mucosal neuromas marfanoid |
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labs in urine pheochromocytoma |
plasma metanephrine normetaneprhine urine vma |
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tan child and hypotension |
addisons disease |
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most common tumor adrneal |
benin non function adrenal adenoma |
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child addrenal tumor medulla |
neuropblastoma |
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hyperaldstoeronim tx |
spinirnolactone eplernone |
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addiosns disease |
andrenal disease with skin hyperpignentiation |
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-75 promoter region |
caat |
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-25 promoter region |
tata |
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low ph vagina |
candida normal vagina |
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high ph vagina |
bacterial vaginosis trichomonas |
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thryoid strom |
arrythmia hyperthermia vomit increased alp due to bone turno over |
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struma ovarri |
teratoma with fx thryoid tissue |
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tx for thryoid storm |
ptu beta blocker propanolol cortico steroids |
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elevated tsh means |
hypothroidism |
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tsh low |
hyperthroidism |
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tsh low elevated t 3 t4 no uptake of iodine painful thryoid |
early stages of subacute throiditiis |
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tsh low t3 and t4 high single hot nodule |
thryoid adenoma |
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tsh low t3 t4 high mutiple hot and cold nodues |
multiondiular goiter |
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diffuse uptake of iodnine tsh low t3 and t4 high |
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thryotosixiso |
taychardia palpitation anxiety weigtht loss heat inteolerance hyperactuitivty warm skin |
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pregnancy and tsh |
elevated tbg increased tb4 normal t4 and t3 |
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medicla professionsal with eweight loss |
thryoid hormone |
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recent study using iv contrasnt iondine with low tsh elevated t3 t4 |
jon basedow phenomenon |
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increases nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides |
vancomycin |
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hypothyroidism |
elevated tsh low t3 t4 cold intolerance weight gain decreased appetitie lethargy fatgiue decresed reflexes faicial and periorbital myxedema constipation deep voice menorragia hypercholesteremia |
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tx hypothyroidisms |
levothryoxine t4 too high hyperthroidism |
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congeintal hypothrodisim |
pot bellied pale puffy fuaced weiht protruding umbilicus protuberant tongue poor brain development |
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hastimotos abx |
antithyroid peroxidiase antimicrosomal antithryoblobulin |
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wolff chiakoff |
increased iodoine uptake shuts down thyroid fx to cause hypothyroidism |
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msot cause of congentinal |
congeintal thryoid dysgensis tsh resistance transient antithyroid medication or antithryoid anbitiicioties or iondine deficient diet in mother during preganncy |
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meds for hypothroidism |
levothyroxine |
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meds ofr hypertyrhoidism |
radioactive idione ptu methamizole |
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enlarge thryoid non tender |
hashimotos (PAINLESS GOITER) graves diseases riedel (rock hard) |
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painful goiter |
subacute thryoidisitis |
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PAINLESS GOITER euthryoid normal th tsh positive antibitody |
early hastimotos |
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hyperthroidism with painless goiter leading to hypothryoidism |
hashimotos then gland cna beomce small and scared lymphnoid like |
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hashimotos |
associated with other glandular disaes lymphocytiic infiltrate |
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granulomous infiltaiton painful goiter |
subacute thryoiditiits coxackie echo adenovirus measles mumps psot viral uri |
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rock hard painless goiter macrophages macrophage eoxinophils |
riedel with extension |
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young pt with rock hard thyroid |
riedel |
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older patient with hard thryoid |
anaplastic |
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hypothryoidism meds |
tyrosine kinase i amiodarone lithium |
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papillary cardinoma thryoid |
orpha empty nuclear with central clearning psaommoa bodies nuclear grooves lymphatic invasion increased ret and braf |
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throid cancer |
cold uptake us mass positive |
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follicular cardinoma |
heamtogenous infavades tyroid capusle uniform follices rule adenoma because it invades thyroid capsule |
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medullary carcinoma |
parafollicular cell calcintonin sheets of cells in amyloid stroma heatmogeous spredad men 2 a men 2 b |
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lymphoma |
hashitmotos |
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poor differnetiiaotn invasion of local structures cold uptake older patients |
anaplastic carcinoma older patients |
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inferior thryoid artery damage nerve |
reucrrent laryngeal nerve |
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supeirior laryngeal argery damages |
superior laryngeal nerve |
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g6ph results in decrease in |
nadph which is used in gluatirhione reductase and cholsteraol and fatty acid synthesis phagocytic cells with respitaroy burst |
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metformin risks |
lactici acidosis increase production f lactate and inhibition of glucoenogensis elevated lactate rare complication if renal function is sitll intact |
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renal failure cr values |
cr >1. 5 males cr >1.4 females |
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sulfonylureas increase |
cpeptide and insulin levels exampels are chlroproramide tolbutamide gilmepiride glipizide glyburide |
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aromatase inhibitors |
anastrazole |
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leuprolide |
gnrh analog |
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tzds |
pilogitazone rioglitazone moa ppar stimulation to increase adiponect in fat |
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tzd risks |
weight gain edema worsened with insulin use |
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tx for congeinitial adrenal hyperplasia |
give coritsol shots to supsress acth |
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finasteride |
5 alpha reductase inhibitor |
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shock hyponatremia hyperkaelmia hypoglycemia |
adrenal crisis |
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normal extra cellular volume elevated uosm elevated urine na low serum osm decreased na |
SIADH |
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glp 1 analog |
exenatide lirajutide |
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ddp4 inhibitors |
increased insuline decrease glucagon |
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amylin analog |
pramantide |
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sglt2 |
canaslfolzin |
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camp mechanism |
fsh lh atch tsh crh adh(V2) msh HcG, pTH calcitonin glucagon GHRH B1, B2, |
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cgmp mechanism |
no anp bnp |
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ip3 |
GnRH Oxytocin ADH v1 TRH Histamine H1 ATII Gastrin |
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Intracellular |
VIT D3 Estrogen Testosterone |
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analgof for ghrh |
tesmorelin used to treat hiv associated lipodystrophy |
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TRH |
increases tsh and prolactin |
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Prolactin |
inhibits gnrh |
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cortisol and bp |
increases alpha 1 receptors on arterioles |
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alkalosis and ph |
increased desire for albumin to bind to calcium hypocalcemia |
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stimuatlions for increase in pth |
decrease ca increase phosphate decrease mg little |
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calicotonin from parafollicular cells of parathyroid |
decrease ca reabsorption secreted when ca too high |
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intisinictyrosine kinase map kinase |
insulin igf 1 fgf pdgf egf |
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receptor associated tyronise kinase |
jak stat proaltine immuno modulators gh gcsf ertypotein thrombopoitein |
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thyroid effects on cns and bmr |
increase b1r on hearts increased basal metabolic rate via increase in na /k atpase increase 02 comsutipons and body temp inrease glycogenolysis and gluconeogesis |
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anions that block iodine uptake |
percholrate pertechnetate thiocyanate |
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perozidase |
oxicdation and orgnaificaiton of idone and coupling of mit and dit |
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5' deiodinase |
converts t4 to t3 |
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metyrapone test |
adding should increase atch levels with adressnal insuficiency acth still low |
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aromatase definciecny |
maternal virizliation girls with ambiguous and males with normal |
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carcinoid |
brochospasm flushing diarrhea r sided tumor decreased in niaicin |
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cinacalet |
sensitizes ca sensing receptor in parathyroid gland to circulating ca to decrease pth use in elevated ca due to 1 or secondary pth elevation |
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fetal hydrtantoin syndrome |
post phenytoin celft palate cardiac defects phalanx/ finger nail hypoplasia |
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methimazole |
aplasia cutis congentia focal absense of epidermis |
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neural tube defects |
valproate |
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dichrominic diaminoti with flused or sparate placenta |
0-4 days |
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monochronioic diamnioitic |
4-8 days |
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mono corhoinic monoaminotiic |
day 8-12 |
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no twinning or cleaveage at 13 days |
monocorhoinic mono amniotic conjoined twins |
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dizigotic twins |
two eggs two chronics fused after formation of emborynic disc |
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vipoma |
watery diarrhea alchoridyia hypokalemia |
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somatistatnioma |
achlorydia chlesthitihis steatorhea |
