5/17 Minerals & Rocks

Front 1

The crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle are called __________.

Back 1

the lithosphere

Front 2

The weak, plastic portion of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere is called _________.

Back 2

the asthenosphere

Front 3

______________ refers to the lower mantle in the region between the asthenosphere and the outer core.

Back 3

The mesosphere

Front 4

The study of the characteristics, origin, and development of land forms

Back 4

Geomorphology

Front 5

Naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure

Back 5

Minerals

Front 6

Minerals must be _______, _________, and _________ and have ________ and _________

Back 6

Must Be naturally occurring, solid, and inorganic and Have a fairly definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure (an orderly, internal, repeating arrangement of atoms)

Front 7

Most common minerals consist of _____ different elements (compounds).

Back 7

2 to 5

Front 8

When ions bond together to form a mineral, they do so in proportions so that they are ________ in charge.

Back 8

neutral

Front 9

A ________ is any substance whose atoms are arranged in a regular, periodically repeated pattern (regular repeated three-dimensional arrangement of atoms).

Back 9

crystal

Front 10

The characteristic shape of a mineral, and the manner in which aggregates of crystals grow.

Back 10

Crystalline habit

Front 11

The tendency of some minerals to break along flat surfaces.

Back 11

Cleavage

Front 12

Manner in which a mineral breaks other than along planes of cleavage.

Back 12

Fracture

Front 13

Resistance of a mineral to scratching (controlled by the bond strength between the atoms).

Back 13

Hardness

Front 14

Weight of a substance relative to that of an equal volume of water.

Back 14

Specific gravity

Front 15

color of the fine powder of a mineral (by rubbing the mineral across apiece of unglazed porcelain known as a streak plate).

Back 15

Streak

Front 16

manner in which a mineral reflects light.

Back 16

Luster

Front 17

____________ , rough measure of the resistance of a smooth surface toscratching or abrasion, expressed in terms of a scale devised (1812) by theGerman mineralogist Friedrich Mohs.

Back 17

Mohs hardness

Front 18

The Mohs hardness of a mineral is determined by observing whether itssurface is scratched by a substance of _____ __ _________ hardness

Back 18

known or defined

Front 19

__ natural elements combine to formover 3500 known minerals

Back 19

88

Front 20

The 8 most abundant elementscommonly combine in only a few ways,and as a result, only __ rock-formingminerals make up most of the rocks inEarth’s crust.

Back 20

9

Front 21

Rocks are classified into three categories, which are...

Back 21

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

Front 22

Rocks which form through the solidification of molten rockmaterial

Back 22

Igneous

Front 23

Rocks which form from sediments which have been eroded fromother rocks.

Back 23

Sedimentary

Front 24

Rocks which form when heat, pressure or hot water alter anypreexisting rock.

Back 24

Metamorphic

Front 25

Igneous rocks arerocks which form from __________ __ ____.

Back 25

Cooling magma or lava

Front 26

Molten or partially molten rock materialand dissolved gases.______ is molten rock beneath Earth'ssurface.

Back 26

Magma

Front 27

Molten or partially molten rock materialand dissolved gases.______is molten rock which has erupted atEarth's surface.

Back 27

Lava

Front 28

An ______ ______ ____ forms when magma erupts and solidifies on theEarth’s surface (volcanic rocks).

Back 28

extrusive igneous rock

Front 29

An ________ _______ ____ forms when magma solidifies within the crust(plutonic rocks or plutons).

Back 29

intrusive igneous rock

Front 30

•IntrusiveThese rocks are made of ______crystals, which indicatesslow cooling.

Back 30

big

Front 31

Intrusive rocks cool slowly because theysolidify ______ the Earth.

Back 31

inside

Front 32

•ExtrusiveThese rocks are made of ____, _________, __ ____ __ _______ (in the case of obsidian), which indicatesrapid cooling.

Back 32

small, microscopic, or even no crystals

Front 33

Extrusive rocks cool rapidly becausethey solidify ________.

Back 33

at Earth's surface

Front 34

Granite and Basalt are types of _____ and ______ rocks, respectively

Back 34

Intrusive and Extrusive

Front 35

Granite is ___ dense than Basalt

Back 35

less

Front 36

Two main schemes are used in classifying igneous rocks: ______ and ________.

Back 36

texture and chemistry

Front 37

Texture is an umbrella term which includes different aspects of how rocks ____. Themost important aspect is the ____ of the mineral _____ which make up the rock inquestion.

Back 37

look, size, grain

Front 38

Rocks may be ' divided by grain size into ______ or ________ , orsomewhere in between.

Back 38

coarse-grained or fine-grained

Front 39

_______ size is directly related to the conditions under which rocks formed.

Back 39

Grain

Front 40

____-grained rocks formed by cooling slowly, usually beneath the surface (intrusive),while ____-grained rocks formed by cooling quickly, usually at or very near the surface(extrusive).

Back 40

Coarse, fine

Front 41

With time, the loose,unconsolidated _________ becomes compacted and cemented, or lithified, toform sedimentary rock (only 5% or Earth’s crust, but cover about 75% of thecontinents)

Back 41

sediment

Front 42

Sedimentary rocks are broadly divided into four categories:

Back 42

Clastic, Organic, Chemical, and Bioclastic

Front 43

Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of fragments of weathered rocks called

Back 43

clasts

Front 44

Clastic rocks makeup more than __ percent of all sedimentary rocks.

Back 44

85

Front 45

_____ space is the open space betweensediment grains.

Back 45

Pore

Front 46

________ squashes thegrains together, reducing the pore space andlithifying the sediment by interlocking thegrains

Back 46

Compaction

Front 47

The process of sediment becoming arock is called __________ . It can take tens to hundreds ofthousands of years

Back 47

lithification

Front 48

The material that holds sedimentary particles togetherinto a rock is called

Back 48

cement

Front 49

cement that holds a sedimentary rock together is a bitdifferent because it is made of ______ _______ that formin-between the clasts and holds them together.

Back 49

mineral crystals

Front 50

______ _________ _____ consist of the lithified remains of plants oranimals.

Back 50

Organic sedimentary rocks. Coal is an organic sedimentary rock made up of decomposed and compacted plant remains.

Front 51

_______ ___________ _____ form by direct precipitation of mineralsfrom solution. Rock salt, for example, forms when salt precipitatesfrom evaporating seawater or saline lake water

Back 51

Chemical sedimentary rocks

Front 52

When the amount of minerals in a solution exceeds the saturation concentration, they will __________ , forming solidmineral crystals.

Back 52

precipitate

Front 53

Precipitation is the opposite of __________ .

Back 53

dissolving

Front 54

Minerals precipitate when some water has been __________ or when a chemical reaction occurs

Back 54

evaporated

Front 55

________ __________ _________ are composed or broken shell fragmentsor similar remains of living organisms. The fragments are clastic, butthey are of biological origin.

Back 55

Bioclastic sedimentary rocks

Front 56

Nearly all sedimentary rocks contain ___________ ________ – features that developedduring or shortly after the deposition of the sediments. These structures help tounderstand how the sediment was __________ and __________ .

Back 56

sedimentary structures; transported and deposited

Front 57

The most obvious and common sedimentary structure is bedding or _________, layering that develops as sediment is deposited

Back 57

stratification

Front 58

________ _______ are small, nearly parallelridges and troughs that are formed insand and mud by moving water or wind.

Back 58

Ripple marks

Front 59

__________ (from the Greek words for “changing form”) is the process by whichrising temperatures and pressure, or changing chemical conditions, transformrocks and minerals.

Back 59

Metamorphism

Front 60

The ______ _______ of a rock is the intensity of metamorphism that formed therock.

Back 60

metamorphic grade

Front 61

Metamorphic grade increases with ______ because temperature and pressure risewith ______.

Back 61

depth

Front 62

Four different geologic processes create the changes in temperature, pressure andchemical environment that cause metamorphism. These are:

Back 62

Contact, Burial, Hydrothermal, and Regional Dynathermal metamorphism

Front 63

______ __________ occurs when hot magma intrudes cooler rock of any type –sedimentary, metamorphic or igneous.

Back 63

Contact metamorphism

Front 64

The _______ grade metamorphic rocks form atthe contact, closest to the magma.

Back 64

highest

Front 65

Lower grade rocks develop farther out ( _______ ____ around a pluton).

Back 65

metamorphic halo

Front 66

Plutonic rocks or plutons are what kind of igneous rock?

Back 66

Intrusive

Front 67

__________ _____________ results from the burial of rocks ina sedimentary basin (river basin).

Back 67

Burial metamorphism

Front 68

_________ ____________ _______________ occurs where major crustal movements buildmountains and deform rocks. The term dynathermal simply indicates that the rocksare being deformed and heated at the same time.

Back 68

Regional dynathermal metamorphism

Front 69

___________ metamorphism (also termed ___________ alteration and metasomatism) occurs when hot water and ions dissolved inhot water react with a rock to change its chemical composition and minerals.

Back 69

Hydrothermal

Front 70

The ______ ______: any rock can be transformed to any other major class of rock, because rocks areclassified by the process

Back 70

Rock Cycle