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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sonic Hedgehog gene |
made @ base of limb bud in ZPA. necessary for A-P development of limb and CNS development. "In the zpa and ap development. Sonic zaps you!" |
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apical ectodermal ridge |
wnt7: dorsal ventral patterning of limb FGF: elongation of limb |
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Hox genes |
also in ZPA. segmental development of embryo |
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histology of aplastic anemia |
fatty acellular infiltrate of bone marrow |
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NL vs patholog grief |
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dysthymic disorder vs MDD |
dysthymic: 2+ of the features of MDD for >2yrs, not meeting MDD criteria (then it would be MDD, duh) MDD: 5+ of these for >2wks: sleep, interest (anhedonia), guilt, energy (lack), concentration lack, appetite problem, psychomotor issues, suicidality. |
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glomangioma |
benign tumor made of modified smooth muscle cells (glomus cells) that normally function in thermoregulation. Tumor usually found under fingernail. |
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stress, urge overflow incontinance |
stress: external stress on bladder (heavy lifting, bearing down) is too much for sphincters. urge: overactive detrusor overflow: obstruction leads to overfilled bladder (eg in BPH) and you get dribbling |
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IFN alpha and beta |
secreted by virally infected cells and act paracrine to cause cells to degrade mRNA and halt protein synthesis. (vs IFN gamma which is secreted by NKs and TH1s to stimulate Macs for better killing and increased MHC2 expression. Not virally stimulated) |
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retroperitoneal organs |
A useful mnemonic to aid recollection of the abdominal retroperitoneal viscera is SAD PUCKER: S = Suprarenal glands (aka the adrenal glands) A = Aorta/IVC D = Duodenum (second and third segments [some also include the fourth segment] ) P = Pancreas (only head, neck, and body are retroperitoneal. The tail is intraperitoneal) U = Ureters C = Colon (only the ascending and descending colons, as transverse and sigmoid retain mesocolon) K = Kidneys E = Esophagus R = Rectum |
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drug causes SIADH |
carbamazepine |
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waist to hip ratio |
sign of insulin resistance |
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one of the main causes of insulin resistance |
elevated FFAs |
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fx of IGF-1 (somatomedin) and estrogen/testosterone on growth |
both cause increased growth, but sex hormones eventually cause epiphysial plate closure, while IGF1 doesn't (hence gigantism people are giant) |
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pituitary apoplexy vs pituitary ischemic necrosis |
pituitary apoplexy: bleeding into an existing pituitary adenoma. headache, ophthalmoplegia=> surgical emergency pituitary ischemic necrosis: sheehan synd. Panhypopituitarism |
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Na-I symporter on the basolateral membrane of follicular cells can transport what anions? |
perchlorate pertechnitate all iodine isotopes |
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aldosterone escape |
high aldosterone => increases Na reabsorption to a point, but then there is increased ANF to compensate (the "escape"), which causes increased diuresis. Ultimately, the Na level is normal. Also, H2O follows Na, so the Na concentration would be expected to be NL. |
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metyrapone test |
use to test HPA axis integrity: metyrapone blocks cortisol production which then can't feedback on pituitary. Result is an ACTH surge that causes increased 17-OH-corticosteroid that is measured in the urine. |
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De Quervain's granulomatous thyroiditis |
granulomas, thyrotoxicosis, tenderness, increased ESR, decreased radioactive iodine uptake (bc it's not increased synthesis, it's release bc of destruction) |
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henoch schoenlein |
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IgG to PLPA2 receptor of podocytes found in... |
membranous nephropathy |
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stages of ATN |
initiation: eg by hypovolemia maintenance: decreased filtration can lead to elevated BUN, creatinine and potassium recovery: high volume diuresis w/ loss of electrolytes as the tubules have not yet fully recovered reabsorptive capacity |
