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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Study: More people watching happy film solved problem than those watching neutral because they were more flexible and adaptive
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Isen at al., 1987
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people watching a happy film...
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...solved problem more often than those watching neutral
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Study: People (especially anxious ones) focus attention on negative stimuli
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Fridja
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Study: Anxious people are slower to name a color when it's threat-related
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Stroop
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anxious people are slower...
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...to name colors when the word is threat related
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Study: When a dot was shown after a negative word, anxious people had faster response time (no differences for neutral words)
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Matthew's attentional bias study
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When a dot was shown after a negative word, anxious people had...
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...faster response times
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Study: Phobics respond physically to backwardly masked stimuli
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Ohman & Soares, 1994
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Phobics respond physically to...
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backwardly masked stimuli
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Study: Higher SCR for fear-relevant stimuli when paired with shock for non-phobic stimuli
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Ohman & Soares, 1993
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Studies: People pick out angry face in a crowd fastest and most accurately
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Hansen & Hansen; Ohman et al.
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Study: People seeing emotional pictures remembered central details better, peripheral details worse
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Christianson & Loftus
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People seeing emotional pictures remembered ____ details better, ____ details worse
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central, peripheral
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possible mechanism for attention in emotional situation
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Adrenaline enhances memory consolidation via amygdala
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Study: People think their memories are right, but many are wrong
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Neisser & Harch
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Study: Flashbulb memory occurs in response to novel/unusual/surprising/important event
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Finkenauer et al
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Study: Associative network theory researcher
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Bower
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Memories (especially emotional ones) have associations with, cue other memories
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associative network theory
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mood-congruent memory
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learn things congruent with mood
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associative network theory
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Memories (especially emotional ones) have associations with, cue other memories
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mood state-dependent memory
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remember things congruent with mood
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evidence for innate quality of emotions
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present in first 24 hours, don't need functional cortex
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Study: Normal, anencephalic, hydrocephalic babies make similar expressions
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Steiner
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dynamic theory of infant emotions: adult/children
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adults and infants don't have same emotional experience
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differential theory of infant emotions: adult/children
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adults and infants have same emotional experience
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researcher of dynamic systems
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camras
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researcher of differential systems
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izard
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Study: newborns can imitate facial expressions
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field et al.
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when does distress emerge?
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immediately
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when does a meaningful smile emerge?
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2 months
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when does sadness emerge?
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3 months
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when does true anger emerge?
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4 months
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researcher: infant expression after shots is distress before 4 months and anger after
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Campos
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when does surprise emerge?
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5-6 months
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when does fear of collision emerge?
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8-9 months
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when does fear of heights emerge?
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8-9 months
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fear of height through visual cliff researcher
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Campos
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when does fear of strangers/separation emerge?
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10-14 months
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4 stages of empathy
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global, egocentric, other's feelings can differ from own, empathy for another's life experiences
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sense of self require for ___ but not ____
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embarassment, fear
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researcher: intro/extroversion heritable
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kagan
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basic emotion that differs in izard's from eckman's
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interest
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researcher: babies can recognize and make basic emotions
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izard
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researcher: Communicative dance between mother and baby
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Tonkin
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Study: Given adrenaline, people remember better
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McGaugh
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Harlow: Maternal separation creates...
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Abnormal sexuality, cold mothering
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Harlow's conclusion
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Affective needs are important as basic needs
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Bowlby's conclusion
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Attachment is evolutionary and develops over time
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Bowlby's 4 stages of attachment
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Preattachment, attachment in the making, clear-cut attachment, goal-corrected partnership
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Preattachment age
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0-6 weeks
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attachment in the making age
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2-7 months
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clear-cut attachment age
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7-24 months
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goal-corrected partnership age
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2+ years
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in preattachment...
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...there is no preference for the primary caregiver
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in attachment in the making...
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...the child can distinguish primary caregiver
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in clear-cut attachment...
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...the child uses the caregiver for comfort and as a secure base
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in goal-corrected partnership...
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...the child is autonomous and can recognize the parent's goals
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researcher: strange situation to test bowlby
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ainsworth
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ainsworth's attachment types
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secure, insecure (ambivalent, avoidant, disorganized)
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what percent of children are secure?
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60-65%
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what percent of children are insecure ambivalent?
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10-15%
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what percent of children are insecure avoidant?
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20%
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what percent of children are insecure disorganized?
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5-10%
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securely attached children
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some separation distress, seek caregiver, can be comforted
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insecure ambivalently attached children
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excessive separation distress, seek caregiver, can't be comforted
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insecure avoidantly attached children
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little separation distress, don't seek caregiver
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insecure disorganized attached children
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contradictory, confused behavior during return
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emotions of secure children
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full range
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emotions of ambivalent children
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more negative
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emotions of avoidant children
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less overall
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if a mother doesn't comfort her infant, it will become...
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...insecure
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if a mother is highly sensitive, it will become...
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...secure
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if a mother is inconsistently sensitive, it will become...
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...ambivalent
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depressed mothers have what kind of children?
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ambivalent/avoidant
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In Germany, what kind of attachments do children have?
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many avoidant, few ambivalent
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In Japan, what kind of attachments do children have?
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few avoidant, many ambivalent
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Least to most frustration behaviors at 5 years in different attachment types
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secure, ambivalent, avoidant
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Least to most positive affect at 2 years in different attachment types
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ambivalent (none), avoidant, secure
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what % of securely attached kids have behavior problems?
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29%
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what % of stable insecurely attached kids have behavior problems?
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85%
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what kind of disorders do avoidant children have?
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externalizing
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what kind of disorders do ambivalent children have?
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internalizing
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non-criers have more ____ activation
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left frontal
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criers have more _____ activation
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right frontal
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kagan's types of temperament
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inhibited, uninhibited
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are more children uninhibited or inhibited?
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uninhibited
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chess and thomas's types of temperament
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easy, difficult, slow-to-warm up
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caspi's types of temperament
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undercontrolled, inhibited, well-adjusted
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eckman's basic emotions
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fear, surprise, disgust, anger, sadness, joy
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who said that expressions of emotions are only for social purposes?
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fridlund
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researcher: social constructivism
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averill
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social constructivism says that...
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...emotions are products of culture, and are different for everyone, every time
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averill's parts of emotion
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subjective experience, expression, physiology, coping
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researcher: using toddler temperament to predict adult behaviors
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caspi
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Researcher: People who rearranged sentence with “bother” interrupted partner, those who rearranged with “respect” didn’t
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bargh
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Researcher:Took longer to walk to elevator when rearranging sentences with elderly-themed words
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bargh
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Study: Only suboptimal affective primes (those you’re not aware of) affected impression (goodness/badness) of a Chinese character
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Murphy and Zajonc
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Study: Attribute more negative personality traits to characters following negative vs. happy/neutral suboptimal faces
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Niedenthal
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Researcher: Smiled most when watching video with friend or with friend watching in other room, some when friend doing something else, and least when alone (independent of actual feeling)
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Fridlund
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Researcher: Those with high anxiety prefer being with someone else when being shocked, prefer having other person being shocked too
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Schachter
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Researcher: Most emotional experiences are shared, depending on how disruptive event is. Willingly reactivating components of emotion
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Rime
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Researcher: Writing about emotional events improves health, psychological well-being, success
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Pennebaker
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Researcher: Those in painful state wanted to hurt confederate more, those not in painful state wanted to hurt less (discussing business opportunity).
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Berkowitz
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Researcher: Presence of a weapon increases punishments.
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Berkowitz
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Researcher: Regulated (stable) couples increase positivity throughout conversation, unregulated (unstable) increase negativity and have way more negativity overall
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Gottman
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Gottman's 5 types of couples
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stable (validators, volatiles, avoiders); unstable (hostile, hostile detached)
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characteristics of validators
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Show attention/support
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characteristics of volatiles
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Show lots of emotion, good and bad
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Characteristics of avoiders
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Avoid talking about conflict
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Characteristics of hostile detached
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When they communicate at all, the communications are negative
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Study: When masking disgust, suppression showed more blinking, BP, and SCR, less body movement, but didn’t affect intensity of disgust
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Gross & Levenson
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What is more effective than masking in changing emotion?
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Reappraisal
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