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6 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 types of vaccines
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May be whole organism or parts
- Attenuated vaccines -" weakened" bacteria or viruses ( require refrigeration) - Replicating vaccines - inactivated or killed (lyophilized) |
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Newer vaccine types
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Synthetic, subunits, conjugate and naked DNA
Subunit vaccines required "adjuvant", which amplify the immune response - Alum: aluminum salt-based - MF59: oil-based substance |
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3 essential characteristics of a vaccine
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- produce protective immunity w/ minimal side effects
- produce a strong and measurable response - Retain potency over long periods of time |
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Host response to vaccine
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- begins with dendritic/macrophages biding to invading organisms by recognizing components of cell wall.
- Toll-like receptors (TLR): pathogen- recognition receptors on APCs - Cells then process and present pathogenic antigens to naive antigen-specific T cells, which then launch an immune response. |
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HIV vaccine (strategies, effectiveness, areas of research, challenges, and reasons)
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Strategies:
- Preventive and therapeutic Currently no effective therapeutic or preventive vaccine available Areas of research for vaccine development - Preventative / prophylatic to prevent infection - Therapeutic - Perinatal for prevent transmission of HIV from mothers to fetus Challenge: - High rate of viral mutation - No early defined natural immunity to HIV - HIV infects cells critical to immune defense - HIV is transmitted as a free virus and in infected cells Reasons to keep searching: - some success in non-human primates agains HIV and/or SIV - Successful vaccine available in cats gains FIV, also a retrovirus - All humans develop some type of immune response to HIV that is able to control the infection over a long period of time |
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New and Vaccines under development
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Anthrax: experimental vaccine available, Thraxine has improved stability
CMV: high priority, to prevent congenital CMV Hay fever: experimental DNA vaccine HPV: Gardisil approved in 2006 for girls and women age 9-26. Targeted protection against types associated with cancer: HPV - 16 and 18 , 6 and 11 INFLUENZA: WHO coordinates viral surveillance to predict candidate vaccines for upcoming year (both live, attenuated, and killed --- injection and nasal) LEUKEMIA: therapeutic vaccine for AML in treatment resistant patients POLIO: incidence reduced by >96% worldwide, however still endemic in several countries. inadequate immunization results in inadequate immunity to interrupt transmission. SMALLPOX: stopped in 1972 when it was eradicated in US, but due to its Category A status, discussions regarding reintroducing vaccine ( Individuals in high risk professions are vaccinated. Vaccine made from live vaccinia virus, closely ralted to VARIOLA virus) |
