4.5 Lap/ Urine, Stool And Blood Cultures/ Lab Data/ Test3

Front 1

K.T.

Erythrocyte

Back 1

A mature red blood cell.

Front 2

K.T.

Hematocrit

Back 2

The measure of the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume. An absolute term for a centrifuge for separating solids from plasma in the blood. The total volume of erythrocytes packed by centrifugation is in a given volume of blood.

Front 3

K.T.

Hemoglobin Test

Back 3

The measure of the total amount of hemoglobin (The component of red blood cells that carries oxygen) in the blood.

Front 4

K.T.

CBC

Back 4

Complete blood Count: Includes the following tests: Hemoglobin, Hematorcrit, RBC's and WBC's.

Front 5

K.T.

Leukocyte

Back 5

A white blood cell.
Leukemia is low white blood count

Front 6

K.T.

Monocyte

Back 6

Phagocytic white blood cell derived from myeloid stem cells. Monocytes circulate in the blood stream for about 24 hours and then move into tissues at which point they mature into macrophages.
Macrophages and monocytes are one of the first line in defense in the inflammatory process.

Front 7

K.T.

Lymphocyte

Back 7

A white blood cell responsible for much of the body’s immune protection.
T and B varieties.

Front 8

K.T.

Occult

Back 8

Hidden, obscure, not easily understood, mysterious, concealed.

Front 9

K.T.

Peak level

Back 9

Indicates the highest level of concentration of the drug in the blood serum.

Front 10

K.T.

Phlebotomist

Back 10

A person from a lab who performs venipuncture. Collects the blood specimen for the tests ordered by the physician.

Front 11

K.T.

Reagent

Back 11

Substance used in a chemical reaction to detect a specific substance. (could be an occult substance)

Front 12

K.T.

Through Level

Back 12

Represent the lowest level of concentration of the drug in the blood serum.

Front 13

K.T.

Venipuncture

Back 13

Puncture of a vein for collection of a blood specimen.

Front 14

2. Describe how diagnostic and laboratory tests can provide information about the client.

Back 14

1. a basic screening as part of a wellness check
2. help confirm diagnosis, monitor an illness, and provide valuable information about the client’s response to treatment

Front 15

2. One basic reason that nurses need to be knowledgeable of common lab and diagnostic tests?

Back 15

Because one primary role of the nurse is to teach the client, family, or significant other how to prepare for the test and care that may be required following the testing.

Front 16

3. Identify the three phases of diagnostic testing:

Back 16

Pretest
Intratest
Post-test

Front 17

3. What is nurses responsibility during pretest?

Back 17

Client preparation. Thorough assessment and data collection assist nurse in determining communication/ teaching strategies. Nurses need to ask females if they are or may be pregnant before having an x-ray, etc... The nurse also needs to know what equipment and supplies are needed for the specific test.

Front 18

3. What is the focus of intratest?

Back 18

Specimen collection and performing or assisting with certain diagnostic testing

Front 19

3. Nurses role during intratest, beyond specimin collection?

Back 19

nurse provides emotional and physical support while monitoring the client as needed (vital signs, pulse oximetry, ECG).
Ensures correct labeling, storage, and transportation of the specimen to avoid invalid test results.

Front 20

3. Describe Post-test:

Back 20

The focus of this phase is on nursing care of the client and follow-up activities and observations. As appropriate, the nurse compares the previous and current test results and modifies nursing interventions as needed. The nurse also reports the results to appropriate health team members.

Front 21

4. What are normal values for the hemoglobin (Hgb) test (part of CBC)?

Back 21

M: 14-18 g/dL or 8.7 - 11.2 mmol/L

F: 12-16 g/dL or 7.4 – 9.9 mmol/L

Front 22

4. What are conditions associated with increased hemoglobin (Hgb) counts?

Back 22

Polycthemia
Dehydration
Severe burns
COPD

Front 23

4. What are conditions associated with decreased hemoglobin (Hgb) counts?

Back 23

Hemorrhage
Anemia
Cancer
Kidney disease
Sickle cell anemia

Front 24

4. What are normal values for the Hematocrit (Hct) test (part of CBC)?

Back 24

M: 42 – 52%

F: 37 - 47%

Front 25

4. What are condition associated with increased Hematocrit (Hct) counts?

Back 25

Same as increased hemoglobin.

Front 26

4. What are conditions associated with decreased hematocrit (Hct) counts?

Back 26

Hemorrhage
Anemia
Hyperthyroidism
Dietary deficiency
Pregnancy

Front 27

RBC INDICIES
4. What are normal values for the Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) test (part of CBC)?

Back 27

80 – 95 um3

Front 28

RBC INDICIES
4. What are condition associated with increased Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) counts?

Back 28

Liver disease
Alcoholism
Pernicious anemia

Front 29

RBC INDICIES
4. What are condition associated with decreased Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) counts?

Back 29

Iron deficiency anemia

Front 30

RBC INDICIES
4. What are normal values for the Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
test (part of CBC)?
condition associated with increase/decrease?

Back 30

27 - 31 pg
increase: Macrocytic anemia
decreased: Microcytic anemia; Hypochromic anemia

Front 31

RBC INDICIES
4. What are normal values for the Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC) test (part of CBC)?

Back 31

32 – 36 g/dL

Front 32

4. What are conditions associated with increased Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC)?

Back 32

Intravascular hemolysis

Front 33

4. What are conditions associated with decreased Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC)?

Back 33

Iron deficiency anemia

Front 34

RBC INDICIES
4. What are normal values for the WBC Count test (part of CBC)?

Back 34

5 – 10 X 103/mL3

Front 35

4. What are conditions associated with increased WBC counts?

Back 35

(Leukocytosis)
Infection
Inflammation
Trauma

Front 36

4. What are conditions associated with decreased WBC counts?

Back 36

(Leukopenia)
Autoimmune disease
Drug toxicity
Bone marrow failure

Front 37

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are normal values for Neutrophils?

Back 37

55 – 70%

Front 38

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are conditions associated with increased Neutrophils?

Back 38

Stress
Acute infection

Front 39

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are conditions associated with decreased Neutrophils?

Back 39

Aplastic anermia
Dietary deficiciency
Radiation therapy

Front 40

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are normal values for
Lymphocytes?

Back 40

20 – 40%

Front 41

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are conditions associated with increased Lymphocytes?

Back 41

Chronic infection
Viral infection
Mononucleosis

Front 42

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are conditions associated with decreased Lymphocytes?

Back 42

Leukemia
Sepsis
Immunodeficiency diseases

Front 43

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are normal values for
Monocytes?

Back 43

2 – 8%

Front 44

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are conditions associated with increased Monocytes?

Back 44

Chronic inflammatory disorders
Tuberculosis
Chronic ulcerative colitis

Front 45

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are conditions associated with decreased Monocytes?

Back 45

Drug therapy – Prednisone

Front 46

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are normal values for Eosinophils?

Back 46

1 – 4%

Front 47

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are conditions associated with increased Eosinophils?

Back 47

Parasitic infections
Allergic reaction
Leukemia

Front 48

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are conditions associated with decreased Eosinophils?

Back 48

Increased adrenosteriod production

Front 49

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are normal values for Basophils?

Back 49

0.5 – 1%

Front 50

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are conditions associated with increased Basophils?

Back 50

Leukemia

Front 51

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are conditions associated with decreased Basophils?

Back 51

Acute allergic reaction
Hyperthyroidism

Front 52

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are normal values for Platelets?

Back 52

150 – 400 X 103/mL3

Front 53

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are conditions associated with increased Platelets?

Back 53

Malignant disorder
Polycythemia
Rheumatoid arthritis
Iron deficiency anemia

Front 54

DIFFENTIAL COUNT
4. What are conditions associated with decreased Platelets?

Back 54

Hemorrhage
Leukemia
Pernicious anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Chemotherapy

Front 55

RENAL FUNCTION
4. What are normal values for Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

Back 55

280 – 300 mOsm/kg

Front 56

RENAL FUNCTION
4. What are conditions associated with increased Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

Back 56

Fluid volume deficit

Front 57

RENAL FUNCTION
4. What are conditions associated with decreased Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

Back 57

Fluid volume excess

Front 58

RENAL FUNCTION
4. Another test that relates to renal excretory function:

Back 58

Creatinine

Front 59

5. What are some nursing responsibilities associated with specimen collection (x6)?

Back 59

1. provide for client comfort, safety and privacy
2. Explain purpose of and procedure for sp. collection.
3. Use or ensure correct procedure for obtaining a specimen
4. Note relevant information on the laboratory requisition slip, for example medications that may affect the lab results.
5. Transport the specimen to the laboratory promptly
6. • Report abnormal laboratory findings to the health care provider

Front 60

6. What is the purpose of some of the tests that are performed on stool specimens?

Back 60

• To determine the presence of occult (hidden) blood.
• To analyze for dietary products and digestive secretions.
• To detect the presence of ova or parasites.
• To detect the presence of bacteria or viruses.

Front 61

7. Discuss nursing responsibilities associated with the collection of stool specimens?

Back 61

See #5 for many of these. Additionally:
The nurse is responsible for collection stool specimens; nurse needs to determine the reason for collecting the stool specimen and the correct method of obtaining and handling; needs to be careful when transferring the sample to a specimen container, and disposing of the bedpan contents; must follow aseptic techniques meticulously; must ensure the specimen label/ laboratory requisition has the correct information on them and are securely attached to the specimen container; must also document all the information

Front 62

8. Describe the techniques for collection the following urine specimens.

Routine analysis (clean voided):

Back 62

Males normally void directly into specimen container. Females sit or squat over the toilet holding the specimen container between their legs. (should discard tp apart from bedpan or sample)
Specimen must be free of fecal contamination.
Lid container tightly to prevent spillage / contamination of other objects.
If outside of the container has been contaminated by urine, clean it with disinfectant.

Front 63

8. What is the prep for "Clean-catch" or "midstream" urine collection method for a female?

Back 63

Use each towelette only once. Clean the perineal area from front to back and discard the towelette Use all towelettes provided.

Front 64

8. What is the prep for "Clean-catch" or "midstream" urine collection method for a female?

Back 64

If uncircumcised, retract the foreskin slightly to expose the urinary meatus.
Using a circular motion, clean the urinary meatus and distal portion of the penis. Use each towelette once then discard. Clean several inches down the shaft of the penis.

Front 65

8. What is the prep for "Clean-catch" or "midstream" urine collection method for a client who requires assistance washing perineal area?

Back 65

For a client who requires assistance wash the perineal area with soap and water, rinse and dry.

Front 66

8. Steps in "Clean-catch" or "midstream" urine collection method:

Back 66

• Open the clean catch kit.
• Put on clean gloves.
• Clean the urinary meatus and perineal area.
• Collect the specimen from a nonambulatory client or instruct the ambulatory client on how to collect it.
• Instruct the client to start voiding.
• Place the specimen in the container into the stream of urine and collect the specimen, taking care not to touch the container to the perineum or penis.

Front 67

8. How large a specimen should be collected in "Clean-catch" or "midstream" urine collection method?

Back 67

• Collect 30 to 60 mL of urine in the container.

Front 68

8. What happens once specimen is collected in "Clean-catch" or "midstream" urine collection method?

Back 68

• Cap the container tightly, touching only the outside of the container and the cap.
• If necessary, clean the outside of the specimen container with disinfectant.
• Label the specimen and transport it to the lab.
• Ensure the label is on properly.
• Arrange to have the specimen immediately.
• Document pertinent data.

Front 69

8. Timed urine specimen: specific preparations:

Back 69

• Obtain specimen container with preservative (if indicated) from lab. Label the container with identifying information for client, test to be performed, time started and date of completion.
• Provide a clean receptacle to collect urine. (bedpan, commode, toilet collection device)
• Post signs in the clients’ chart, Kardex, room, and bathroom alerting personnel to save all urine during the specified time.

Front 70

8. Timed urine specimen: specific collection instructions:

Back 70

• At start of collection period, have client void/ discard urine.
• Save all urine produced during timed collection period in container, refrigerating or placing container on ice as indicated. Avoid contamination with toilet paper or feces.
• At the end of the collection period, instruct client to completely empty bladder and save this voiding as part of specimen. Take the entire amount of urine collected to lab with correct requisition.

Front 71

8. Timed urine specimen: last duty:

Back 71

• Record collection of the specimen, time started and completed, and any pertinent observations of the urine on appropriate records.

Front 72

8. How to collect Urine specimen from an indwelling catheter:

Back 72

• If there is no urine in catheter, clamp drainage tubing for about 30 minutes, allowing fresh urine to collect in catheter.
• Wipe area where needle will be inserted with disinfectant swab.
• Insert the needle at a 30 to 45 degree angle.
• Unclamp catheter.
• Withdraw the required amount of urine, normally 30mL for a routine urinalysis.
• Transfer urine to the specimen container.

Front 73

8. Other duties pertaining to Urine specimen from an indwelling catheter:

Back 73

• Put on disposable gloves
(procedure)
• Removes gloves and discard appropriately.
• Label container send urine to laboratory immediately for analysis or refrigeration.
• Record collection of specimen and any pertinent observations of urine to appropriate records.
• Note that procedure can be followed if needless port systems are being used.

Front 74

9. Identify normal values and clinical implications of the following urine test:

URINALYSIS

Back 74

Specific gravity
1.010 – 1.025

High levels indicate fluid deficit or dehydration or excess solutes such as glucose in the urine.

Front 75

9. What is normal ph range for urinalysis?

Back 75

Urinary ph
Average is 6
7 is neutral
Less than 7 is acidic
Greater than 7 is alkaline

Front 76

9. What are normal values of Glucose, Ketones, Protein in urinalyisis?

Back 76

?

Front 77

9. What are normal values of Occult Blood in urinalyisis?

Back 77

Normal urine is free of blood.

Front 78

9. What are normal values of Osmolality in urinalyisis?

Back 78

500 – 800m/Osm/kg

Front 79

9. What are clinical implications of elevated/decreased Osmolality in urinalyisis?

Back 79

An increase indicates fluid volume deficit and decrease represents a fluid volume excess.