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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do you measure an aircraft?
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Efficiency and Productivity, by ton/mile or passenger/mile
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What are the advantages of air freight?
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speed, less complicated packaging, reduced risk (insurance), minimizes inventory costs (JIT), ratio of weight advantage
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What is the fastest growing sector of transportation?
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dedicated air freight - 20% of value of all good transported by air
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Why did airlines use hubs after deregulation?
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provide more flights, more reliable, cuts expenses, repair craft at the hubs, and regional carriers serve hubs
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What are the two key organziations of airlines?
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IATA (volunteer) - guidelines
ICAO (UN - governments) - regulations. |
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Of the orginal five freedoms of the air, which ones are the technical and most important ones?
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1 (flying over states)
2 (maintenance/emergencies) |
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What is the Open Sky Policy?
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Between U.S. and EU; no more agreements; figure out # flights/landings between nations
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What were the two big airline conventions?
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1944 Chicago Convention
1944 Bermuda Accord |
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What is the future of aircraft?
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Airbus 380: volume hub to hub
Boeing 787: direct routes & environment |
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What era was the concord and why did it fail?
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supersonic aricraft phase:
expensive, political restrictions, noise restrictions, bad arrival times eastbound, R/D costs all leading to reduced demand |
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Name the phases of history for air?
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Jet Era, Wide Body Era, Supersonic Era
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Does Japan or France operate the TGV passenger rail?
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France - Japan focused on Maglev
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Explain why rail is better than air?
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less fuel, less pollution, better land use, less congestion, boosts local econ. dev., affordable, safer and more competitive on shorter distances
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What were the three big deregulation acts in U.S.?
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Staggers Act 1980 (rail)
Motor Carrier Act 1980 (truck) U.S. Shipping Act 1984 (sea) no more price fixing |
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What are the three unique issues associated with urbanization?
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Light truck ovement in an urban area that consume space, CBD peaks and pedestrians that disrupt flow of cars
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What are the three terms associated with urbanization?
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Origin/Destination Status, External Trips and Trip Destination
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What is the Belt Study & what term is it associated with?
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counting cars - where going from and where headed; associated with O/D status
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Two ways to address traffic problems?
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supply (variable lanes) &
Demand (flex hours, HOV, tolls, car pools, Public Transit) |
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What is meant by the term modal split and how is it compare in developed versus developing countries?
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The distribution of trips in an urban area by mode:
90 to 95% of people in developed have cars, 40 to 50 in developing - need to shift in developed countries |
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What is a "Primate" city?
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A Centralized city in a developing country - e.g. South America
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What are the four main types of urban spatial structures?
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I - Motorized Network (L/A)
II - Weak Center (S.F.) III - Strong Center (NY) IV - Traffic Limitation (London) |
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What is meant by population density in terms of urbanization?
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Each center has cultural & economic areas - the level of density is correlated with distance from city center. growth required dev. of new transportation (light rail)
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What has developed in parallel with urbanization?
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Dev. of transportation
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What year were Beltway systems developed?
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1960's
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What year did most major highway expansion occur in U.S.?
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1950's (post WW II)
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Name the three stages of urbanization or stages of dev. of transportation?
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1840 to 1890: Horse Car Era
1890 to 1920: Electric Street Car Era 1920 to 1930: Expansion of Rail then automobile era (book has it diff. than prof. |
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What is the most fundamental aspect of urbanized areas?
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Suburbanization (or decline in importance of city) due to mobile population
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What are the common characteristics of urban transportation?
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Population growth, change/growth of urban space, changes in land use, economic/social development & personal auto use growth, decentralization of industries and services
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What is the most important factor in determining supply/demand of urban transportation?
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Land use
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What are the three steps of strategic planning?
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Define goals, make objectives and then variables.
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True or False? International Maritime trade had doubled in less than one decade?
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True, it grew at 10% per year in less than 10 years.
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By the 1950's, ships spent how much operating time and time at the ports unloading/loading?
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50% of time spent in port, took 7 to 10 days in port
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What are the four major cargo types?
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Liquid Bulk, Dry Bulk, General Cargo and Neo Bulk
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How did the industry solve the Liguid Bulk cargo Problem?
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Larger Tankers and offshore terminals with pipelines
*also spurnned by closure of Suez Canal. |
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Tramshipping is best defined as and what cargo type does it apply to?
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A taxi service to move dry bulk from one destination to one origin.
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What are the capacities of the VLCC and ULCC?
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VLCC=250,000 tons
ULCC=250,000+ |
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How was the Dry Bulk cargo problem solved?
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Primary was growth in size of bulk vessels from 30,000 to 350,000 tons - needed special terminals (e.g. coal conveyor belt system)
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Why is Tramshippment not an option for general cargo vessels?
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Trips are through multiple port visits - called liner shipping - bus service
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True or False? To solve the General Cargo problem, the industry made the ships larger?
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False: they focused on packaging (unitization) & containerization to increase productivity and reduce turn around time since cranes could lift more volume.
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What year did the Ideal X sail?
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1956: first container vessel from converted tanker
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What is the primary advantage created by containerization?
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Inland penetration. e.g. seattle to midwest via trains
Increased productivity a close second! |
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Definition of a Hub Port?
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Load centers where ships unload/load, lots of cranes and back up space
Singapore lrgst transshipment |
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From 1995 to 2005, trade increased from what to what?
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From 10% to 12 to 14%
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What percentage of vessels are built in the Far East?
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90%
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What are the top five container exporters?
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China, U.S., Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea - with China growing fastest.
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From 2001 to 2007 there was what percentage increase in containerized trade?
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79%
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What is the expected containerized trade increase from 2007 to 2015?
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An additional 59%, overall from 2001 to 2015 a three fold increase.
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What are other benefits of containerization?
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Port competition shifted from intra to inter-regional, opened up hinterlands (no boundaries).
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What are the five freedoms as reached in the agreement?
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1) transit freedom - flying over other state
2) landing in another state for refueling, emergency, etc. 3) Passengers from home state to other state 4) Taking passengers from another state back to home state 5) Passengers from home state, through intermediate state (where u can put more people on), then to final state *first two granted, others, need agreement |
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How is GRT different from NRT?
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GRT measures the total volume of a vessel (all enclosed space) while NRT is the GTR minus non-revenue generating spaces - both measured in cubic feet
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Referred to as the lifting capacity of a ship, or net weight of a vessel
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Deadweight Tonnage
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What are the three legal aspects of a bill of lading?
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1) document of title
2) contract of carriage 3) receipt for goods |
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Most important document in shipping?
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Bill of Lading
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What are the constraints of the Panama Canal?
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45' deep, 13 containers wide, around 3,000 TEU sized vessels
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Post Panamax vessels are how many containers wide?
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16. Vsls trade from Far East to West Coast of N.A.
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What is another name for a container vessel?
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cellular vessel
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True or False? There is sig. growth of concentration in liner shipping companies?
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True: In 2000, top 5 had 32.8%, in 2006, top 5 had 42.1%
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What are the advantages of rail lines over the shipping lines?
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No longer profitable for ships to go through panama canal to bring goods to U.S. west coast - trains can go from seattle to midwest in 54 hours, ships take double that.
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Advantages of Seattle over LA/LB?
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Due to Great Circle route, closer to asia (30 hours) than LA/LB. - %70 containers in seattle bound for midwest
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An organizational revolution that coordinates and synchronizes the transportation sytem that uses more than two modes of transport to move goods from origin to destination (door to door)?
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What is an intermodal transport system?
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Key advantage of an intermodal transport system?
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After deregulation, with multi-modal ownership, now charge single rate, single documentation, single insurance policy
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The strength of the transport system is weighed by the ______________ of the transport chain?
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Weakest link.
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What are two key developments related to intermodalism?
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1) Inland container ports arise (e.g. Butte, MT)
2) On dock rail heads at ports |
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What are the three immportant tranding services?
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1) Intra-Asia
2) Asia to West Coast/East Coast 3) Far East to Europe |
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Name the structural changes associated with port development
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technological, reduce labor, elimination of finger piers, movement towards coasts, functional (one stop in system)
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What are the sections of the port?
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ship to shore, back-up operation and gate area
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What has moved from the Atlantic to the Pacific region?
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center of gravity of trade
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What is the most difficult problem in urban transportation?
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Daily traffic fluctuations
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Common problems with freight trains in europe?
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tunnels - no double stacking, much shorter distances between cities (loss of economies of scale) and no double stacking due to electric trains
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What are the organizational structures of the airline industry
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chicago convention, bermuda accord, freedoms of air and international organizations
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Define liner shipping
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mainly for general cargo, on a fixed schedule and fixed routes at many port calls - using defined routes
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