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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How has Chinese parenting typically been described, and why does the author believe that these descriptions are ethnocentric and misleading?
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Has been described as authoritarian and controlling. This style has very different implications for Chinese than E-A. These concepts are embedded in Chinese tradition.
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Why are the Chinese parenting descriptions considered to be a "paradox" with respect to predicting children's school achievement?
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The authoritarian parenting style is depicted as restrictive and controlling, which is typically associated with poor school achievement. However, the chinese do well in school, above E-A students.
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What two indigenous concepts does the author propose to better represent the Asian parenting style? How doe these parenting concepts differ from Baumrind's conception of authoritarian parenting?
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chaio shun- training. behave in a socially desirable way. Highly involved.
guan - to govern. to care for, to love, firm control. Supportive, but not restrictive. Firm out of love and best intentions for the child, not to dominate the child, assure family goals and harmonious relations. |
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What did the findings reveal about ethnic differences in childrearing as assessed on the standard parenting measures and measures of Chinese childrearing ideologies? Did the findings support the author's orignal hypothesis?
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Chinese were higher on parental control and were more authoritarian. They were different in the concept of training.
Supports hypotheses: Authoritarian - American culture and psychology rooted in evangelical and puritan influences. School success is very important. Chinese foster hard work and self-motivation very early, promoted in conjunction with closeness |
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Describe the strengths of immigrant families. What are the challenges facing children of immigrant families? What are the implications of these challenges for the well-being of the family and child?
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Strengths: healthy, intact, strong work ethic, community of fellow immigrants.
Challenges: less educated parents, low-wage work with no benefits, language barriars, discrimination and racism, few resources, lower teacher expectations, poverty-risk factors, lack of supports and programs. fear involvement with govt if illegal |
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Compare and contrast the strengths and challenges of immigrant families from Mexico, the Dominican Republice, and Indochina. According to Shields and Behrman, how do immigrant children from Indochina differ from the model minoritiy of Asians in the U.S.?
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Mexico- live in SW. documented or undocumented. Same strengths as general immigrants. Many mexican-american communities, low parental education, limited english
DR - strong ties to homeland, parents employed part-time, live in poverty. Higher parent education levels, 13% illegal, identity issues Indochina - refugees following vietname war. Diff. from Asians - struggle in school, feel alienated. intact families, trauma if move is involuntariy, lack support, racism, low teacher expectations |
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Why are many immigrant parents fearful of their children becoming americanized?
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Fear alienation from homeland, kids become more likely to be involved in risky behaviors. immigrant strengths disapate over time in new country
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describe McLoyd's model of the processes that link parental economic loss to the child's developmental outcomes
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Fathers- increased irritablity and pessimism. they are then less nurturant, more punitive, and arbitrary in their interactions with the child. Child - risk of socioemotional problems, deviant behavior, reduced aspirations and expectations. Child models somatic complaints of the father. Maternal support, maturity,and autonomy are critical sources of psychological resilience
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Explain how the father's psychological well-being is affected by unemployment and how these effects vary according to the father's appraisal, personality and the availability of social and financial support
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appraisal of the situations - how he defines him self, the extent of self-blame, traditional role ideologies. Seen as positive or caused by external forces.
social/financial support lessons economic hardship |
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Describe how child characteristics, amount of f-c contact, and the mother-child relationship influence the effects of paternal unemployement on the f-c interaction.
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tempermennt - difficult children are disciplined in the extreme,
physical attractiveness - more punitive if daughter is unattractive. If attractive - increased supportiveness, less harshness (doesnt matter for boys) dads will now spend greater time in childrearing, greater chance for conflict, become aware of child's negative attributes, unfit for caregiving role, |
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Describe the effects of paternal unemployment and economic hardship on the child's social, academic, and physical health
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social: less activities, withdraw from peers, mental health problems, depressed, lonely, sensitive, distrustful, excluded by peers, incompetence in coping w/ stress.
academic - pessimistic about futre, expectations lesson, girls more prone to decline in academic performance physical health: more infections, decline in immune system, decline in quality of food, less medical care, model father's health |
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According to Jarett, what characteristics of inner-city neighborhoods present risks for the development of adolescents?
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Limited economic, institutional, and social resources. Violence, ghetto culture can be seductive to the adolescent.
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Identify and describe the three strategies used by effective parents to overcome the risks of inner-city neighborhoods.
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monitoring strategies - time, space, friendships. curfews, know wherabouts, sibling chaperonage. Local recources: chuches, schols, tutoring, scholarships, kin networks. in-home learning: word games, encourage school achievement, praise effort, involved with school authority
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Jarrett uses the concept of community bridging to characterize the complex set of strategies used by effective inner-city parents.
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link adolescents to mainstreem opportunites and institutions despite neighborhood impovershment
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Magical thinking title- how does the title relate to the evidence from evaluations of early intervention porgrams
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it is magical thinking to expect short-term early interventions to solve development issues for the rest of the child's life. Intervention needs to be intensive, integrate, high quality, and continuing.
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What are the competencies of preschoolars that are associated with success in elementary school?
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cognitive growth and learning. self-regulation, trusting and loving relationships with parents, cooperation and empathy toward peers, and physical health
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what is known about the impact of environmental conditions in the first 4 years of life upon children's well being, both in elementary school and later in life?
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Income= associated with child's cognitive development, achievement, and behavior in preschool, also effects completed schooling
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What are the family processes that underlie links between povery and children's well-being?
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home env't, p-c interactions, opportunities for learning, parental mental health
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State of knowledge about the efficacy of early childhood interventions. Agreements and disagreements among policy scholars
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agreements - potential to alter outcomes in elementary school,
center-based intervention, case mangagement, effect sizes diminish over school years, largest effects for mother-only care, relative care, or family child-care disagreements- fade out effect- smaller but still significant, studies dont represent full population, small samples, amt. of follow up |
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what long term effects are realistic to expect form early childhood programs?
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effects through middle childhood
kids often go to low quality schools, have fewer resources |
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Research evidence for paid parental leave following childbirth?
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Improves infant and child health, lower mortality rates. can initiate and sustain breastfeeding - lowers risk of infections. Fathers are more invloved with child, social and cognitive benefits
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Research evidence for leave for children's health needs?
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better health outcomes, heal faster, shorter hospital stays, maintain daily medical routines, administer medications
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Research evidence for leave for children's educational needs?
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better school performance, test scores, fewer emotional and behavioral problems, lower dropout rates, better planning for transtions. greater parental involvement is good for schools
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What have been the main arguments raised b U.S. legislators for not supporting more generous family leave?
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financial feasability and economic competitiveness
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U.S. vs. others - paid leave following childbirth
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more likely to return to employers, reduces hiring and training costs. U.S. had no paid leave, all other countries offered leave
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U.S. vs. others - breastfeeding breaks
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U.S. offers 1 yr. about half of countries offer
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U.S. vs. others - leave for children's health needs
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yes but not paid. most others paid
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U.S.. vs. others - leave for children's educational needs
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all but u.s
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What conclusions did the authors reach regarding the economic feasability of workplace policies supporting parents and children?
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it is possible to be competitive and allow parents time to care of kids
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What were the findings of the Wang and Tamis-LeMonda (2003) study with respect to the I-C and childrearing values of Taiwanese and U.S. mothers? what conclusions did Wang and Tamis-LeMonda reach based on their findings?
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Taiwan valued decency, proper demenor, achievement, conndectdness, individuality
U.S. valued connectedness, individuality, achievement, decency, proper demeannor * distinctive cultural patterns emerged but not in a simplistic either/or manner. Both endorse I-C values and both have similar and different values |
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How does the form of parental control differ in the authoritative as compared to the authoritarian parenting style?
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Both have high control, however authoritative also has warmth, where authoritarian does not have high warmth. Authoritarian is unilateral control, use psychological control. Authoritative encourages autonomy.
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Based on the evidence presented in reading and class lecture, what conclusions can be reached about the cross-cultural applicability of Western concepts of authoritative and authoritarian parenting style?
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Individualism is linked with the authoritative parenting style that promotes autonomy.
Collectivism is linked with authoritarian and promotes obedience/compliance There is some evidence for benefits of authoritative parenting as well as warmth |
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What makes migration and acculturation stressful for children and families?
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- loss of homeland and familiar surroundings
- loss of significant individuals -change in family roles and patterns of behavior -parents responses to immigration |
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What factors influence the way children are affected by acculturative stress?
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- circumstances of the move - forced or volunntary
- child characteristics * age: middle ages less affected. older and younger are * temperment: more difficult have a harder time * Background of psychological adversity * child coping strategies - condition of the receiving ethnic community of the larger society |
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What is the immigrant paradox hypothesis - and what evidence supports this hypothesis? what explanations have been offered to account for this phenomenon?
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The first generation immigrants have better developmental outcomes than individuals born in the U.S. despite similarly disadvantaged circumstances.
Better health, better grades, lower adolescent dilinquency. Explanations: selection bias - the more advantaged immigrate, social and kinship networks, role of family obligations |
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Identify and describe the four acculturation strategies set forth by Berry (2003). Which strategy appears to be most adaptive?
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1. intergration (biculturalism) - maintain identity and embrace new - most adaptive
2. Assimilation - embrace new culture 3. Separation - maintain old identity 4. Marginalization - dont maintain or embrace a culture |
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What challenges does acculturation present for family relationships? What are some of the sources of intergenerational cultural dissonance between immigrant adolescents and their parents? What is the impact of cultrual dissonance on adolescent adjustment?
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They struggle with retaining traditional family values and youth want to incorperate more American traits.
Intergenerational cultural dissonance - parent-child clashes over cultural values. autonomy vs. family obligations. Adolescents expect parental warmth, based off American view, p-c dissonance regarding parental control |
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How is family income poverty mesured in the U.S., and what are some cirticisms of these measures? How do indicators of family income poverty differ from indicators of family financial hardship?
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Absolute minimum required to meet basic needs
criticisms - poverty line doesn't reflect the mminimal resources a family requires - housing, medical work-related expenses (gas, childcare), doesn't account for taxis, benefits, food stamps or regional differences. family financial hardship - lack of material necessitites - inability to pay bills, purchase necessities, food insecurity, residential instability, inadequate medical care. |
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What are the known effects of poverty on children? How do the effects of poverty vary according to the timing and duration of exposure?
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-poor birth outcomes
- growth stunting - lead poisoning -other health outcomes cognitive: developmental delays, learning disabilities, lower IQ, low test scores, retention, dropout socio-emotional development: externalizing/internalizing behavior problems, poor self-regulation more detrimental if: begins early in life or is persistent |
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Identify and explain the 5 A's of access to family healthcare
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affordability: prices/ability to pay
availability: # of providers: population accessibility: location acceptability: attitudes of providers accomodation: preferences, time constraints |
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why does family policy matter?
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family policy improves children's health outcomes, economic conditions, socioemotional domain, better for employers
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