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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
9 environmental values
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-Symbolic
-Humanistic -Aesthetic -Moralistic -Ecologistic-Scientific -Dominionistic -Negativistic -Utilitarian -Naturalistic |
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Symbolic
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-use of nature for language and thought
-function: communication, mental development |
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Humanistic
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-emotional attachment/love for nature
-function: bonding, sharing, companionship |
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Aesthetic
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-physical appeal and beauty
-function: inspiration, harmony |
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Moralistic
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-spiritual reverence and ethical concern for nature
-function: order, meaning, kinship |
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Ecologistic-Scientific
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-systematic study of nature
-function: knowledge, understanding |
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Dominionistic
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-mastery, physical control, dominance of nature
-function: physical skill development, challenge |
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Negativisitc
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-fear, aversion, alienation from nature
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Utilitarian
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-practical and material exploitation of nature
-function: physical sustenance and security |
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Naturalistic
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-direct experience and exploration of nature
-function: curiosity, discovery, recreation |
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three systems of environmental ethics
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-antropocentrism
-biocentrism -ecocentrism |
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anthropocentrism
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-only humans have intrinsic value, nature has instrumental value
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-biocentrism
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-man is one among equals - intrinsic value to individual organisms
-life centered |
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-Ecocentrism
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-species, ecosystems, biosphere have intrinsic value, man is just a member and a citizen
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spectrum of conservation incentives
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-use/marketing of extracted biological products
-use/marketing of biodiversity within relatively intact ecosystems -compensation for reduced-impact land and resource use -direct payment for environmental services -acquiring land and biodiversity use rights -direct payment for biodiversity conservation |
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Calculating observed heterozygosity
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-number of heterozygous individuals divided by total number of individuals
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calculating expected heterozygosity
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2n (1-sum(pi2)) divided by (2n-1)
-pi is the allelic frequency |
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biological species concent
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-species as populations or groups of populations that actually or potentially interbreed
-reproductively isolated from other groups of organisms |
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phylogenetic species concept
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-species as smallest diagnosable cluster if individual organisms within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry or decent
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australian endangered species act
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-protects native species only
-protects species only on federal land or water -lists key threatened processes -protects ecological communities |
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charactestics of communities susceptible to invasion
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-early successional
-low native species diversity -climatically matched with original habitat of invader or mild climate -anthropogenically disrupted -"open niche" |
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characteistics of successful invaders-
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-high reproductive rate
-long-lived -high dispersal -high genetic variability -phenotypically plastic -habitat generalist -food generalist -broad native range |
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ecosystem management expands scope of traditional resource managements in these three ways
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-time
-space -human inclusion |
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Composition, structure, functino at the genetic level
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-composition = allelic diversity, presence of rare alleles
-structure = heterozygosity -Function = inbreeding/outbreeding rate |
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Composition, structure, function at the community-ecosystem level
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-composition = richness and evenness of species
-structure = average and range of tree ages within defined seral stages -function = intensity/severity of disturbance events |
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Composition, structure, function at landscape level
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-composition = total amount of forest patch perimeter and edge zones
-structure = patch shape indices -function = disturbance indicators |
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composition, structure, function at a species/population level
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-composition = absolute and relative abundances
-structure = sex ratio, age distribution -function = population growth and fluctuation of species interest species |
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limitations to use/marketing of extracted biological products
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-finite resources with limited renewal capacity
-expanding, virtually inexhaustible demand |
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limitations to use/marketing of biodiversity within relatively intact ecosystems
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-limited prospects
-not always biodiversity-friendly |
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limitations to compensation for reduced-impact land and resource use
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-market limitations
-targeting problems -monitoring challenges |
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limitations to direct payment for environmental services
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-"side benefit" - biodiversity - may not always result
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limitations to acquiring land and biodiversity use rights
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-success depends on insittutional environment
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limitations to direct payment for biodiversity conservation
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-specify outcomes, not methods
-indicators and monitoring are critical |