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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ataque de Nervios
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self-labeled illness, panic, fits of violent agitation, shaking, heart palpitations, numbness, shouting, striking others, convulsing, fainting, dissociation. Study: Latinos in the community and therapists who treat Latinos. Results DIAGNOSES:
Panic Disorder: m=2.2462 Major Depressive: m=2.0077 Generalized Anxiety: m=2.0382 5 or more symptoms: Panic=33% Depression=23.1% GAD=23.6% • 37%: LESS THAN 5 SYMPTOMS FOR ANY DIAGNOSIS • 39%: 5 OR MORE SYMPTOMS FOR 2 OR MORE DIAGNOSES • 20% 5 SYMPTOMS FOR 1 DIAGNOSIS • 3%: 4 SYMPTOMS FOR 2 DIAGNOSES • 77%: NO DIAGNOSIS OR 2 OR MORE DIAGNOSES! • Panic=60% • GAD=60% • Depression=30% |
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Latino teens and pregnancy
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Higher than other ethnic groups
75.6% of total teen births Whites=18.4% Asians=3.9% Blacks=1.7% • Start sex later but most likely to become pregnant once sexually active • Least likely to terminate pregnancy • Sexuality rarely discussed at home • Get married as teens more often • Children are gifts from God • Unprotected sex:prohibition on use of birth control and less likely to ask partner to wear a condom |
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Gangs- Rejection of “oppressed servant mentality”
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•Power and easy money
•Greed and control=American culture •Most born in U. S., very few speak fluent Spanish •Lack of Latino pride and cultural awareness,alienation and lack of social integration •Poverty •Prevention vs. punishment •Increase age when students can drop out legally •Role models •Community education and support •Gang watch •Cultural pride •Poverty reduction |
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At risk behaviors and adolescents Latinos
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All forms of juvenile delinquency and at risk behaviors are on the increase for Latino youth, including substance abuse
• Individuation process may be more difficult due to dual culture expectations which create confusion • Drugs lower distress • Adults: acculturation issues, family drinking, family management, communication, flexibility • Intervention- Strengthen ties to family, school, peers and culture • Role of acculturation as stress -single parent homes and at risk behavior |
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Latinas who are battered
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• 85% of Latinas who were battered grew up in homes where their mothers were abused
• 92% of Latino batterers observed it in their homes • Respeto for men • Women have lower status in the hierarchy so human rights don’t apply *Emic issues- respect for men, lower status, lack of access, alot of children and mariage is sacred |
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Latino men prone toward domestic violence-
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• Machismo: control and intimidation, possessive love
• Lack of consequences and getting away with it are two reasons it continues *power, displacement, feeling that they arent being the protectors and take it out on women |
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Domestic Violence-
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• Isolation: language barriers, feel disconnected from health care providers, threatened by police contact, unaware of resources, unaware it is a crime, create negative stigma
• Male privilege: prohibition about asserting power over a husband • Familismo: goes against the family • Poverty: Lack economic self-sufficiency *bad for children and family *high rates of alcohol *Emic issues- family therapy |
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Strategies in dealing with Latinos and DV-
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• The effects on children must be emphasized
• Educate about the multi generational aspect • Educate about the historical and social conditions that influence current behaviors • Role and expectations of males and females • Educate about resources *they are getting them from farms and prisons- not likely to uuse condoms |
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AIDS and Latinos-
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• Latinos: 3 times more than Whites
• 23% vs. 7% • Latinas 5 times more likely to die from AIDS, Latinos 2 times • High in labor camps • Less informed about modes of transmissions • Education about how it is transmitted • Safer sex practices • Testing • Not only gay men get AIDS • May be contributing to the decline of the Latino population |
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Neglectful Latino parents
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• Most prevalent form of child abuse
• Inadequate nutrition, clothing, shelter, medical care and supervision • Poverty, lack of medical insurance, drug and alcohol abuse, ignorance, depression and apathy • Afraid to access services for children because of illegal status • Interventions with Neglect • Connect family to services • Education about nutrition and clothing • Substance abuse treatment • Referral to counseling for depression *In Mexico its ok but it is not allowed here |
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Physical abuse and Latino parents-
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• Why might Latinos be at risk?
• Primary disciplinary method is physical punishment • Siblings raising siblings(make poor parents) • Don’t see punishment as abusive • Often punished that way as a child • Intervention should be: • Conduct sessions in Spanish when possible • Parenting education: normal child development, appropriate expectations, positive reinforcement and response cost • Respeto: blind obedience is just not practical in the U. S. Must make cultural adjustments, laws are different in U. s. • Have perpetrator share about his own childhood and how it felt • How do parents want their children to feel toward them • Power and control issues(machismo, marianismo) • Marital issues may be an issue (displacement may be an issue) *Emic= respect, obedience, think it is ok to hit them and a form of love. Etic= because you were raised with it as well as anger issues |
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Ataque d Nervios part 2
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Typical diagnosis reported by clinicians:50% GAD
• 26% Panic and 21% Depression, 13% other • Per Latinos: family conflicts, emotional problems, work conflicts • Per clinicians: family conflicts, intrapsychic conflict, childhood abuse, drug and alcohol abuse • Per Latinos: 31% talked to family or friends, 21% saw a therapist, 21% got meds from PCP, 17% went away by itself, 12% meds from psychiatrist, 10% saw curandero, 14% other • Per clinicians: Cognitive therapy, supportive, family, medications People arent culturally competent and mis diagnose. It is a marianisma, interprsonal feeling and emic componenet. |
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Emic
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a term that refers to the particular characteristics of a culture
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Etic
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a term that refers to the universal components of cultural behavior
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Cognitive development
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-Responsivity of mother to children regularly in the home is low.
-Involvement in play with the child (undivided attention play) -Talking with the child -Engaging in behaviors that meet the child’s needs as requested by child LATINO MATERNAL RESPONSIVITY -may be low -must deal with more children than others -siblings often in charge of siblings -poverty necessitates that mother work outside the home -focus on provision of basic necessities vs. dialogue, reading and playing -may lead to lowered cognitive competence (the level of intellectual capacity that someone has developed, which includes reading abilities, problem-solving skills, and mathematical skills). |
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Perceived parental involvement
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-refers to students’ experience of their families indicating psychological resources to them
perceived parental involvement > perceived competence/efficacy > emotional and behavior engagement > either + or – outcome, depending on whether parental involvement was perceived by the student (-) outcomes include low attendace, low test scores, low grades, suspension and retention (+) outcomes indicate the opposite, which then produce academic success |
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Limited English proficiency
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The parents often do not speak English and feel incompetent to be involved in their children’s education.
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Family support
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Values on education may be more of a class issue than an ethnic issue. Latinos raised in lower SES may be less inclined to emphasize the importance of education than those raised in middle to upper class homes. Although some Latinos verbalize the importance of education most discourage their children from completing high school and college. This is due to the fact that they are raising other children. Children are obligated to help out the family financially. This puts an extra burden on adult children who may wish to go to college. If children leave home to go off to college and don’t help out the family financially it could be seen as disrespectful and parents may be shamed. A child who goes to college is not valued as highly as a child who works hard and helps out the family.
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Pobre, pero honesto
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Dignity is found in a hard day’s work for fair pay. The “nothing wrong with working a low paying job” philosophy.
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Latino and American culture values
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Once child enters school, he is faced with certain obstacles, like language. Differences in values are due in part to cultural differences on various dimensions. These traits are generalizations and may be debatable and/or in a state of change.
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School and Latinos
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-In 1997 only 62% completed high school, 11% graduated from college. Second generation students (etc) have lower change of drop out rates.
-Many programs have been created to keep Latinos in college. -Students who declare a major are more likely to graduate than those who do not. -Two important factors: Family support & Understanding of long-term satisfaction and opportunities college can provide (explained by personalismo) -When students taught in another language not their own they have a more difficult time in school. -Other factors that contribute to academic success: financial support, student involvement in extracurricular activities, and interaction with faculty outside of class. -Social Integration: how much a student feels a part of the campus and social environment of school -Student Retention: whether students complete school or drop out (theorized to be due to a match between the student’s motivation and academic ability and the institution’s academic and social characteristics). |
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ESL college student needs
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Research shows that:
-The human service professions need bilingual and bicultural workers with college education. -The university organizational culture often prohibits ESL students from completing their degrees. -If they can perform duties effectively in community agencies, why not help them graduate. ESL Students need: -the use of dictionaries, more time on exams, help with papers, extra help with anxiety and encouragement to speak English and make mistakes. -Professors should talk about cultural differences and anxieties that face ESL students, use the students background as a foundation for learning new ideas, if ESL studens share their experiences in the classroom, more people would be culturally sensitive. |
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Drugs and alcohol and Latino teens
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-All forms of juvenile delinquency and at risk behaviors are on the increase for Latino youth, including substance abuse.
-Individuation process may be more difficult due to dual culture expectations which create confusion. (Individuation: the process of becoming independent and autonomous that usually begins in adolescence. It is a form of emotional separating from one’s parents). -Drugs lower distress -Adults: acculturation issues, family drinking, family management, communication, flexibility -Acculturation is related to alcohol abuse. INTERVENTION: -strengthen ties to family, school, peers and culture -role of acculturation as stress |
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Utilization of social welfare by Latinos
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Underutilization by Latinos-
• Latinos who only speak spanish often fear social welfar agencies due to Illegal immigrant status: fear being deported • Ignorance of how the social welfare system operates, as well as difficulties in communication due to language barriers. • High rates of poverty indicate that there is a large need for financial aid, housing aid, medical aid, and child care assistance. • Many Latino immigrants engage in parenting practices that are deemed abusive by U.S. standards and therefore create a need for intervention by the social welfare system. |
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Incest in Latino families
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This is alway an ethnic issue becuase of the different customs and beleifs of different cultures.
-Extended families -Women seen as sex objects -Children seen as object and property -They want to feel with power/they can control children -Machismo:he can do what he wants. |
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Intervention with sexually abusive parents
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Abuse is related to low paying jobs, manual jobs, which may create low self esteem and feelings of powerlessness.
-Group therapy best approach -That way they do not feel judged by others. -Good to explore childhood abuses |
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Elderly Latino concerns
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• Growing at faster rate than non-Latino elderly
• They are the least educated elderly group in the U.S. • Hispanics elders tend to underutilize social welfare services in general. Maybe because cultural insensitivity boy social welfare workers. • It is estimated that there will be an unprecedented growth. 200% increase is predicted • Social welfare workers must keep in mind: • SES • Biopsychosocial aspects of aging and cultural relevance of gerontological theories. • Fundamental Principles of culturally competent social work practice with elder Latinos. • Ecological perspective to exemplify the relevance of culture and ethnicity. |
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Intervention for child abuse
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They need to be told it is not acceptable and that it wansnt’ their fault in any way, regardless of what the parents tol the about culpability.
-Parenting classes will be beneficial -Teach them it is consider a crime here in the US |
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Cycle of poverty
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• May be due to thier value system that puts work ahead of education.
• They value large families which creates more family expenses. • Compared to the way some parents lived in Mexico they may consider their SES here much betterthan what they had in Mexico. -Educate them about the different options and resources they have available. |
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Interventions with Latino elderly
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Interventions with Latino elderly
-Get family involved -Talk about saving plans -Retirement |
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Financial assistance and Latinos
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Includes: cash, medical care, housing, and food.
*Biggest impediment to Latinos receiving financial assistance is their immigration status. *Even authorized Mexican immigrants often bypass needed assistance because of ignorance of the system and strong work ethics. *They face discrimination by social welfare workers who believe they should not be receiving any type of financial aid. |
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Poverty and Latinos
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• Need to get higher levels of education
• Educate them about their rights to financial assistance. • Advice them to save money for retirement. • Many believe they come here to abuse the welfare system in fact that is not true they are more likely to NOT us it. Highest rates of poverty is between Puerto Ricans & Mexicans. |
