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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Recombination frequency is _________ but not _______ correlated with the _______ distance or ________ distance between two genes
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Positively
Linearly Genetic Physical |
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What is the name of the mathematical relationship between recombination frequency and genetic distance called?
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Mapping Function
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What are the 4 factors that effect the intensity of crossovers?
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Sex
Individual Chromosome Position of chromosome |
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What is Recombination Frequency?
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its where a cross over in one region reduces the probability of a second crossover in the nearby region
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Interference________ with _________ distance between two genes
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Decreases
Increases |
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When the Genetic Distance is more than ______ apart then the recombination frequency is ____ and will Display a _________ segeration
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200
.5 Independent |
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The relationship between _____________ _________ and gentici distance is _______ only within ___cM or recombination frequency lower than .5
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Recombination Frequency
Linearly 10 |
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What is the genetic distance between a double cross over?
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5cM or smaller
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The degree of interference can be defined as what?
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1 - coefficient of coincidence, (is the observed number of double-recombinant ) divided by the number of expected DC
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What is a haplotype?
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is a group of alleles of continuously and tightly linked genes on the same chromosome
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The alleles of a __________ are usually _________ _________ becasue they are closely linked.
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Haplotypes
Inherited Together |
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Genes that a hen carries in her ___ chromosome will not be transferred to its ______ offspring, but only to its ____ chicks
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Z
Female Male |
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Traits that are controlled by genes located in sex chromosomes are called ___-______ ______
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sex-linked traits
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__________ ________ is a science of studying the _______ _________ of a population, such as allele frequence and inbreeding.
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Population Genetics
Genetic Constitution |
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Population Genetics integrates _______ evolution with _________ genetics
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Darwin's
Menedelian |
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What are Darwin's 3 Theories of evolution?
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1) Principal of Viaration
2) Principal of Heredity 3) Principal of Natural Selection |
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What is the Principal of Viaration?
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there are variations in morphology, physiology, behavior among individuals within any population.
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What is the Principal of Heredity?
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Relatives resemble each other more than they resemble unrealted individuals.
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What is the Principal of Natural Selection?
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Some forms or individuals are more successful at survival and reproduction than others in a given environment.
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What are the 4 important parameters associated with populations?
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1. Population Size
2. Mating System 3. Selection Pressure(the higher the pressure the fewer alleles will move on to next generation and vice-a-versa) 4. Environmental Factors |
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What are breeding individuals?
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They are the individuals of a population that actually contribute to the reproduction of the next generation.
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What is the difference between Fixation and Polymorphism?
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Fixation- is the stage of no alleles at a locus in a population
Polymorphism- is if there is more than one allele at a specific locus in a population |
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The polymorphism or genetic diversity is the potential for genetic improvement.
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The polymorphism or genetic diversity is the potential for genetic improvement.
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What are the differences between Allele and Genotype Frequencies?
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Allele Frequences are the porportion of an allele in a population.
Genotype Frequency are the porportion of a genotype at a locus in a population |
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What is Heterozygosity?
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It is the Proportion of heterozygotus individuals at a locus in a population.
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg Law?
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It is the allele frequencies in a population will not change generation after generation.
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What are the 5 Assumptions that all have to be met to have a Hardy-Weinberg situation?
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1) no selection
2) no mutation 3) no migrations 4) infantily large 5) random selection of mates |
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1) there is NO SELECTION : all individuals of the population survive at equal rates and contribute equal numbersto the gene pool
2) There is NO MUTATION : no new alleles are creates 3) There is NO MIGRATIONS: no one moves into or out of the population 4) The population is INFANTILY LARGE: there can be no genetic drift by chance 5) Individuals choose their mates AT RANDOM |
:)
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if selection is occuring in a population then some phenotypes are more fit than others and they will have more offspring
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:)
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What is the difference bewteen Inbred and outbred populations.
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Inbred is when mating between individuals with common ancestors is much more frequent than by chance.
Outbred is when mating between relatives is by chance or less common |
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What is inbreeding Coefficient?
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Is the Probability of two alleles at any gene/locus in an individual are identical by descent.
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What is it called when TWO alleles of a locus in an individual are both descended from an identical DNA molecule?
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It is called :
Homozygosity by Descent or Identity by Descent |
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What are some causes of inbreeding?
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1)If there is a "loop" in a pedigree drawing, there is possibility of inbreeding
2)If the alleles are passed down in both pathways of a loop are the alleles that cause inbreeding |
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The inbreeding coefficient in a closed population will always increase
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The inbreeding cofficient in a closed population will always increase
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Inbreeding coefficient depends on the __________ size.__________ the population size can reduce the increment of inbreeding in the the population, but it cannot ____ the previous inbreeding.
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Population
Increasing Undo |
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Inbreeding ___________ in each generation and it ______ be reduced in a _____ population
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Accumulates
Cannot Closed |
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Why is inbreeding harmful?
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it is due to rare recessive alleles that become homozygous.
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Does intensive selection increase inbreeding coefficient even though mating among sibs and close relatives is avoided?
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yes, selection reduces the effective population size in each generation. Therefore the possibility of mating between relatived individuals increases
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How can breeders reduce the incrememnt of inbreeding in their breeding stocks?
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1) Maintain a large population
2) Avoid mating among close relatives 3) Lower selection intensity 4) Line crosses |
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Why is inbreeding bad for breeding?
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1) Health problems due to recessive alleles: disease susceptibility low reproduction and genetics defects
2) Reduces genetic diversity |
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What is the difference between Simple and Complex traits?
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Simple traits - are changed by alternative genotypes simple one gene will cause a change this is not affected by the enviornment
Complex traits - are controlled by mulit genes which are influenced by environmental factors |
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What is the difference between Discontinuous and Continuous traits?
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Discontinuous - are the traita which phenotypes are distributed into a range of classes (when talking about eggs you can have 1or 50 but not 23.4 (whole numbers only))
Continuous- are the traits which phenotypes are measured in a continuous scals (When talking about weight numbers like 23.5 or 66.9 NOT whole numbers) |
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What are the 4 things that describe Simple Traits?
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1) Rare
2) One or Two Genes 3) No environmantal Effects 4) Characteristic Phenotypes |
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What are the 4 things that describe Complex Traits?
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1) Common
2) Mulit Genes 3) Environmantal Effects 4) Discontinuous or Continuous Phentypes |
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What is Quantitative Genetics?
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It is a science that studies the modes of inheritance of complex or quantitative traits.
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Why are Quantitative Traits refered to as quantitative traits?
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It is becuase most of the complex traits are often measured and given a quantitative value.
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What are the economic traits of poultry? and what types of traits are they?
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Weight gain and Fat content of meat
They are quantitative traits |
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What are the two measurements of poultry economic traits?
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Invasive and Non-invasive
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What is the difference between Invasive and non-invasive measurements?
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Invasive- are methods that CAN cause physical harm to the birds
Non-invasive- are methods that CANNOT cause physical harm to the birds. |
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What are some examples of
invasive and non-invasive measurements? |
Invasive: measure for disease resistance, measure for meat quality
Non-invasive: measuring for body weight, measuring for egg production. |
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What kinds of test do the Progeny and Sibling test show?
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they are ways to measure an invasive trait WITHOUT doing physical harm to bird being tested.
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Accuracy of indirect measurements is positively associated with relatedness.
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Accuracy of indirect measurements is positively associated with relatedness.
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What are the Genetic effects on quantitative traits?
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The phenotyipc variations due to different alleles in genes controlling the expression of a trait.
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What are the Environmantal effects on quantitative traits?
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The phenotypic variations due to different environmental conditions that individuals experence.
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When refering to Genetic effects within a gene what does complete dominance mean?
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it is when one allele completly masks another allele
it also is when the average of A1A1 = A1A2 |
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When talking about Genetic effects what does incomplete dominance mean?
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it is when on allele masks another
it is also when A1A2 does not equal 0 or A1A1 orA2A2 |
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when refering to genetic effects within a gene what does Over-dominant mean?
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it is when the Phenotypic expression of a heterozygote is higher or lower than its corresponding heterozygote
it also means that A1A2 is greater than A1A1 or thant A1A2 is less than A2A2 |
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when refering to the genetic effects within a gene what does Additive effect mean?
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it is when two alleles at a locus are contributing to the phenotypic expression without interfering with each other
it also means that A1A2 = 0 |
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d=0 (additive)
d dont equal 0; a>d>-a (incomplete) d=a or d=-a (complete) d>a ; d<-a (over dominance) d>0, A1 over A2 if d>0, A2 overA1 |
d=0 (additive)
d dont equal 0; a>d>-a (incomplete) d=a or d=-a (complete) d>a ; d<-a (over dominance) d>0, A1 over A2 if d>0, A2 overA1 |
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What is Epistasis?
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It is the genetic interaction of non-allelic genes in which one gene interfers the expression of another
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What are the 3 types of interaction in Epistasis?
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Additive by Additive
Additive by Dominant Dominant by Dominant |
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Additive by Additive is what type of interaction?
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it is 2 genes of the same genetic effect
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Additive by Dominate is what type of interaction?
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there are 2 genes one is A that has an additive effect and gene B has a dominate effect
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what is the interaction bewteen Dominant by Dominant?
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It is when the 2 genes both have Dominant effect
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What type of effect is shown in image
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Addative effect
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What type of effect is shown in the pitcture
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Addative Effect
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What type of Effect is shown in the picture
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Incomplete Dominance
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What type of effect is shown in the picture
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Complete Dominace
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What type of effect is shown in the two Pictures?
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Over Dominance
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