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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Data |
A collection of facts, measurements, or observations about a set of individuals |
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Individuals |
Each person, animal, or object being tested |
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Categorical variables |
Can be put into categories like favorite color, type of car, etc. |
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Numerical variables |
Can be assigned a numerical value IE height, distance, etc |
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Variable of interest |
Can be measured using different instruments and need to be reported in specific units |
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Instruments |
Tools used to take measurements |
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Units |
Explains what the nembers represent IE ft, in, degrees, etc. |
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Validity |
Appropriateness of the instruments to the units used |
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Reliability |
Instrument can be depended upon to give same or nearly the same results every time |
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Bias in measurements |
Consistently wrong in the same direction |
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Rates vs counts |
Makes more sense to change to percent to compare |
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Sample surveys |
Often used as a way to collect data from just some of the people or objects being studied |
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Census |
Every single person or item in the population is checked, tested, or asked |
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Observational studies |
Researchers don't do anything to the subjects, they simply collect data that has already happened or happens naturally |
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Experiments |
When researchers do something to the subjects or objects being tested |
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Simple random sample |
One big list Randomly selected individuals from it |
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Stratified random sample |
Divide into deliberate subgroups, then randomly select individuals from each group |
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Multi-stage random sample |
More than one step of random selection, individuals are the very last step |
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Systematic random sample |
Randomly select first individual, then use a system to select the rest |
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Random cluster sample |
Randomly select groups, and every individual in group is surveyed |
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Voluntary response sample |
People choose whether or not they participate |
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Convenience sample |
Ask easily accessible group, they often have something in common |
