405_Glossary

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Alondra Rubio

A01039851

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405_Glossary

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Hertz

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It is a frequency unit from the international measuring system that equals the repetition of a phenomenon whose period is a second. It is abbreviated as Hz.

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frequency

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It is the number of cycles that happen in a second.

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echolocation

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It is the location of an object through the reflection of sound waves. It is used by some animal species such as bats and cetaceans, and it may have technological applications such as the sonar system.

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infrasound

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It is a sound whose vibration frequency is lower than the one which can be perceived by the human ear.

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ultrasound

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It is the sound whose frequency of vibrations is superior to the highest limit perceived by the human ear. It has many industrial applications and it is also used in medicine.

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sound

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It is the sensation produced in the hearing organ by the vibrational movement of the bodies that is transmitted through an elastic means.

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elasticity

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It is the characteristic that a material has to recover its extension and shape when a force that deformed it stops being put on it.

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acoustics

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It is a branch of physics that studies the sound production, transmission, storing, perception and reproduction.

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transducer

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It is the equipment that transforms a type of energy into another one and may work as a recipient or as a generator.

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tuning fork

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It is a voice and instrument regulator that consists of a steel sheet folded as a hook with a foot, and when it is hit, it presents 435 vibrations per second.

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compression

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It is the effort that an object is subject to by the action of two opposing forces that tend to diminish its volume.

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rarefaction

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It refers to making a gaseous body less dense.

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cycle

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It is the complete sequence of a periodic vibration. It goes from rarefaction to compression.

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period

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It is the period of time that happens in a cycle.

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sound wave frequency

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Sound Wave Frequency measured in Hertz (Hz) is the number of cycles that go through a same point during a second. In other words, it is the number of cycles per second.

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wavelenght

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It is the distance that the sound goes over in a complete cycle of change in pressure and it is the physical measure of a cycle’s length.

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amplitude

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It is the distance between a balance point and the highest wave point.

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tone

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It is the subjective perception of frequency. There are high tones and low tones. In order to measure them, we use hertz.

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decibel (dB)

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It is a measuring unit that compares the minimum that human can hear (0dB) against the level we want to measure.

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absorption

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It is the process in which sound is absorbed by an object when crashing against it.

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reflection

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It is the quantity of acoustic energy that will change direction when it crashes against the edge of an object.

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refraction

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It is the change in direction of the sound wave due to a variation of the means of scattering.

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bitrate

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It is the transmission rate. It refers to the number of bits that is transmitted in a unit of time, usually kilobits per second.

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codecs

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It means coder-decoder. It is software that consists on an algorithm to compress and decompress video in real time. Its use doesn’t interfere with the playing speed. There are also codecs for audio files.

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wrappers

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It is the way of organizing information related to digital audio that is not part of the sound per se such as headlines, artwork, encoding configurations, etc. A wrapper can use different codecs.

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WAV

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It is the most used format with no compression. It belongs to Microsoft/IBM.

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AIFF

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(Audio Interchange File Format) It is the format used in the Apple platform.

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CDA

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(Red Book Audio Standard) it is an industrial standard used to encode the audio of compact (CDs).

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MP3

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(MPG-1, Audio Layer 3) one of the first ones to get the highest compressions with out much data loss. It is one of the most used for webpages.

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AAC

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(Advanced Audio Coding) it is supported by Apple to be used on their devices. It is the successor of MP3 because it can handle a higher level of compression without reducing its quality.

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MIDI

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(Musical Instrument Digital Interface) a communication protocol that allows electronic musical instruments, synthesizers, computers, and other devices to communicate among them.

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Audacity

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Audio editing software application

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Garage Band

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Audio editing software application

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monaural sound

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it is given when an audio is stored in one single channel and it lacks spatial sensation. It is also called mono.

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stereophonic sound

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it is also called stereo sound. It is stored in two channels that can be reproduced in different loudspeakers and simulate the sensation of listening on one single side (left or right).

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surround sound

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5.1: it stores the information in more channels that are located around us: 3 at the front (left, center, and right) two in the back (left and right), and one more that produces the frequencies from 20 up to 200 Hz.

7.1: it stores the information in 8 different channels. In order to make the surround sound effect, the loudspeakers have to be strategically placed at certain distance and directed towards certain angles. The more loudspeakers are handled, the more complicated their configuration is since each room has absorption, reflection and refraction conditions.

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streaming

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It is the reproduction of audio and video files with no need to be downloaded to a device. It is played through fragments sent sequentially through a net, usually, the Internet.