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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what percentage of children with lymphadenopathy have a malignancy?
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20%
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what is the most common malignant cause of cervical lymphadenopathy?
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lymphoma
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where are granulocytes and monocytes produced in adults?
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bone marrow
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how long does neutrophil production in the marrow take?
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6-10 days
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how do mature neutrophils leave the blood?
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by migrating through the walls of venules
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how long do monocytes circulate in the blood before entering the tissues?
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three days
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t/f... neutrophils are moderately effective against viruses
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false, neutrophils are ineffective against viruses. they are of limited effectiveness against fungi and effective against bacteria
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which leukaemia is associated with increased numbers of mature lymphocytes?
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CLL
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which leukaemia is associated with increased numbers of immature myeloid cells ranging from blasts to mature cells?
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CML
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which leukaemia responds well to tyrosine kinase inhibitors?
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CML
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which agegroup does CLL most commonly affect?
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people over 50
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how is lymphocyte clonality demonstrated in CLL?
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by showing all cells express either the kappa or lambda immunoglobulin light chain on their surface
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what is the co-expression of CD5 together with B cell antigens such as CD19 on lymphocytes typical of?
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CLL
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what type of cell usually expresses CD5 on its surface?
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T cells
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which type of lymphoma is incurable?
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indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
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what is the cure rate for acute myeloid leukaemia?
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35-40%
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what is lupus anticoagulant an antibody to?
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phospholipid
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t/f... lupus anticoagulant protects against thrombosis
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false, it accelerates clotting and predisposes to thrombosis
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what is the commonest antibody deficiency?
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IgA deficiency
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what is the normal serum IgG level?
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between 6 and 15 g/L
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what is the clinical consequence of impaired granulocyte/monocyte production?
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fevers, infection (caused by lack of phagocytosis of micro-organisms)
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what are the clinical consequences of impaired platelet production?
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bruising, bleeding, risk of serious GIT or CNS bleeding
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what mutation results in the philadelphia chromosome?
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t(9;22)
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what is bcr-abl?
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fusion protein with tyrosine kinase activity
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what percentage of CML patients are positive for the philadelphia chromosome?
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95%
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which leukaemia is associated with a t(15;17) translocation?
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acute promyelocytic leukaemia
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which cytogenetic abnormality is associated with myelomonocytic leukaemia with abnormal eosinophils?
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Inv16
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are most lymphomas of B cell or T cell type?
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B cell
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which structure within lymph nodes contain predominantly B cells?
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follicle centres
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which regions within lymph nodes conain predominantly T cells?
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cortical regions
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what percentage of aggressive lymphomas are cured?
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30-40%
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t/f... abnormal blood findings are unusual in lymphoma
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true
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how is lymphoma diagnosed?
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node biopsy (FNA insufficient for diagnosis)
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which gene translocation is associated with Burkitts lymphoma?
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t(8;14)
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which gene translocation is associated with indolent lymphoma?
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t(14;18)
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which lymphoma is associated with the gene translocation t(11;14)?
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mantle cell lymphoma
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how does t(14:18) lead to indolent lymphoma?
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the gene translocation leads to overexpression of bcl-2 and inhibition of apoptosis in B cells
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what percentage of patients with indolent lymphoma are alive at 10 years?
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25%
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when is relapse of lymphoma most likely to occur after remission?
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6 months to 2 years after remission
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is the incidence of lymphoma increasing, stable or decreasing?
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increasing
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which cancers are drug resistant?
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renal cancer, pancreas cancer
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what are the side effects of alkylating agents?
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anorexia, nausea, vomiting, alopecia, amenorrhoea, azoospermia, mutagenic second malignancies, myelosuppressive, immunosuppressive
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which cytotoxics do not cause hair loss?
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carboplatin, 5FU, mitoxantrone
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which cytotoxics are relatively marrow sparing?
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bleomycin, vincristine, crisplatin, 5FU
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