4010 Vitamin Definitions

Front 1

Thiamin (B1) Food Source:

Back 1

-pork
-whole grains
-enriched cereal
-meat

Front 2

Thiamin Active or coenzyme form:

Back 2

-Thiamin diphosphate (TDP)

Front 3

Thiamin Biochemical or Physiological Function:

Back 3

-Oxidative decarboxylation
(Pyruvate>Acetyl-CoA)
-Transketolation in hexose monophosphate shunt
(Ribulose>Ribose)

Front 4

Thiamin Deficiency Symptoms or disease:

Back 4

-Beriberi-anorexia
-weight loss
-fatigue
-edema
-polyneuritis

Wernicke's Syndrome in alcoholics

Front 5

Thiamin Populations at Risk:

Back 5

-Alcoholics*
-The Elderly

Front 6

Thiamin DRI-RDA or AI; UL; Units: Criterion for adequacy:

Back 6

-RDA-mg/day
usually not a problem

Front 7

Thiamin Nutritional Assessment:

Back 7

-Thiamin in blood or urine

Front 8

Riboflavin (B2) Food Source:

Back 8

-Dairy*
-whole grains
-enriched cereals

Front 9

Riboflavin (B2) Biochemical or Physiological Function:

Back 9

-Hydrogen carriers in oxidation reduction reactions

Front 10

Riboflavin Active or coenzyme form:

Back 10

-Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
-Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Front 11

Riboflavin Deficiency Symptoms or disease:

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-Uncomplicated deficiency rare Chelilosis
-angular stomatitis
-dermatitis
-photophobia

Front 12

Riboflavin Populations at Risk:

Back 12

-Alcoholics

Front 13

Riboflavin DRI-RDA or AI; UL;
Units: Criterion for adequacy:

Back 13

-RDA- mg/day

Front 14

Riboflavin Nutritional Assessment:

Back 14

Urinary Riboflavin

Front 15

Niacin (B3 nicotinic acid, nicotinamide) Food Source:

Back 15

-Meats, especially liver
-dairy
-whole and enriched grains

Front 16

Niacin (B3 nicotinic acid, nicotinamide) Active or coenzyme form:

Back 16

-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)

Front 17

Niacin Biochemical or Physiological Function:

Back 17

-Hydrogen carriers in oxidative reduction reactions; NAD used by enzymes in electron transport, glycolysis, oxidatve decarboxylation, B-oxidation; NADP/NADPH reducing agent in many biosynthetic pathways (FA synthesis)

Front 18

Niacin Deficiency Symptoms or disease:

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-Pellagra (corn eating populations)
-Skin (dermatitis), GI (diarrhea), CNS (dementia) metabolism severely handicapped>death

Front 19

Niacin Populations at Risk:

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-Alcoholics
-Elderly with malabsorption syndrome

Front 20

Niacin DRI-RDA or AI; UL;
Units: Criterion for adequacy:

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NE/day-1 NE (Niacin equivalent)= 1 mg niacin or 60 mg tryptophan UL mg/day

Front 21

Niacin Nutritional Assessment:

Back 21

-Urinary excretion of N-methyl nicotinamide
< 0.5 mg/g creatinine

Front 22

Pantothenic acid Food Source:

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-widely distributed foods
-liver
-egg yolks

Front 23

Pantothenic acid Active or Coenzyme form:

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-Coenzyme A

Front 24

Pantothenic acid Biochemical or Physiological Function:

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-Component of ACP and CoA; required by over 70 enzymes; conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA; FA synthesis; Oxidations'

Front 25

Pantothenic acid Deficiency Symptoms or disease:

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-rare in humans- nerve degeneration

Front 26

Pantothenic acid Populations at Risk:

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none

Front 27

Pantothenic acid DRI-RDA or AI; UL;
Units: Criterion for adequacy:

Back 27

Ai-mg/day

Front 28

Pantothenic acid Nutritional Assessment:

Back 28

none

Front 29

Biotin Food Source:

Back 29

-most foods, especially egg yolks
-meat
-milk

Front 30

Biotin Active or coenzyme form:

Back 30

Biocytin (N-carboxybiotinyl lysine)

Front 31

Biotin Biochemical or Physiological Function:

Back 31

-Carboxylations (pyruvate>oxaloacetate>TCA>Acetyl CoA>Malonyl CoA>lipogenesis)

Front 32

Biotin Deficiency Symptoms or disease:

Back 32

-Rare dermatitis
-loss of appetite

Front 33

Biotin Populations at Risk:

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-Alcoholics
-pregnant women
-tube feedings

Front 34

Biotin DRI-RDA or AI; UL;
Units: Criterion for adequacy:

Back 34

-AI ug/day

Front 35

Biotin Nutritional Assessment:

Back 35

none

Front 36

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine-alcohol, pyridoxal-aldehyde, pyridoxamine-amine) food source:

Back 36

-meats
-whole grains
-potatoes
-bananas
-beans
-nuts

Front 37

Vitamin B6 Active or Coenzyme form:

Back 37

-Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

Front 38

Vitamin B6 Biochemical or Physiological Function:

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-Important in AA metabolism: deamination, transamination, methionine, conversion, of tryptophan to niacin

Front 39

Vitamin B6 Deficiency Symptoms or disease:

Back 39

-increased excretion of urea and amino acids, nervousnes, and irritability

Front 40

Vitamin B6 Populations at Risk:

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-Alcoholics
-elderly
-pts on corticosteroids and anticonvulsants

Front 41

Vitamin B6 DRI-RDA or AI; UL;
Units: Criterion for adequacy:

Back 41

-RDA-mg-increases 51 yr and older
UL mg/day

Front 42

Vitamin B6 Nutritional Assessment:

Back 42

-Plasma PLP

Front 43

Folate (Folic acid or folacin) food source:

Back 43

-green leafy vegetables
-citrus
-legumes
-fortified cereals

Front 44

Folate (Folic acid or folacin) Active or coenzyme form:

Back 44

-derivatives of tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA)

Front 45

Folate Biochemical or Physiological Function:

Back 45

+Required for synthesis of :
-purines and pyrimidines (important in cell reproducion)
-deoxythymidylate
-methionine from homocysteince

Front 46

Folate Deficiency Symptoms or disease:

Back 46

-megoloblastic, macrocytic anemia
-neural tube defects (Spina bifida, anencephaly)

Front 47

Folate Populations at Risk:

Back 47

-Pregnant women**
-Alcoholics
-chemotherapy (b/c it helps cancer cells)
-women on oral contraceptives

Front 48

Folate DRI-RDA or AI; UL;
Units: Criterion for adequacy:

Back 48

RDA ug/day; 50% increase in pregnant women UL 1000ug-excess can mask B12 deficiency

Front 49

Folate Nutritional Assessment:

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-Serum folate
-Red cell folate

Front 50

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) food source:

Back 50

-animal origin-liver
-meat
-fish
-dairy-tightly bound to protein
-pepsin and gastric acid required for digestion
-IF and R protein required for absorption

Front 51

Vitamin B12 ( cobalamin) Active or Coenzyme form:

Back 51

-Adenosyl cobalamine
-Methyl
-Cobalamine

Front 52

Vitamin B12 Biochemical or Physiological Function:

Back 52

-Propionyl>Methyl Malonyl CoA>Succinyl CoA
-B-Leucine>l-leucine
-Homocysteine>methionine

-Important in mehtyl folate trap- the methyl donor in 5-methyl
-THFA>THFA

Front 53

Vitamin B12 Deficiency Symptoms or disease:

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-Megaloblastic anemia-reversible
-Neurological damage- irreversible
-pernious anemia

Front 54

Vitamin B12 Populations at Risk:

Back 54

-Elderly
-vegans
-Gastrectomy pts

Front 55

Vitamin B12 DRI-RDA or AI; UL;
Units: Criterion for adequacy:

Back 55

-RDA-ug/day
-Older adults might need oral or IM supplement

Front 56

Vitamin B12 Nutritional Assessment:

Back 56

-Serum B12
-Elevation of plasma homocystein

Front 57

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) food source:

Back 57

-citrus fruits
-papaya
-cantaloupe
-strawberries
-cabbage family veggies

Front 58

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Active or coenzyme form:

Back 58

none

Front 59

Vitamin C Biochemical or Physiological Function:

Back 59

-Antioxidant, cofactor of hydroxlating enzymes, involved in synthesis or collagen, carnitine, norepinephrine, enhances iron absorption, redox reactions

Front 60

Vitamin C Deficiency Symptoms or disease:

Back 60

-Scurvy
-fatigue
-retarded would healing
-bleeding gums
-spontaneous rupture of capillaries

Front 61

Vitamin C Populations at Risk:

Back 61

-Poor
-elderly
-smokers
-alcoholcis

Front 62

Vitamin C DRI-RDA or AI; UL:
Units: Criterion for adequacy:

Back 62

RDA-mg-based on maximal neutrophil concentration-more in males and smokers
-UL 2g/day

Front 63

Vitamin C Nutritional Assessment:

Back 63

-urinary excretion of Ascorbic acid, plasma or serum levels

Front 64

Vitamin A Provitamins etc...:

Back 64

-Provitamin A
-Carotenoids
-Retinol
-Retnoic Acid

Front 65

Vitamin A food source:

Back 65

-Animal origin-liver
-eggs
-milk
-meats

Front 66

Vitamin A Biochemical and Physiological Function:

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+Proper functioning of most organs:
-vision, cellular differentiation, gene expression, growth, cell surface functions, reproductive processes, and bone developement?
Immune function?

Front 67

Vitamin A Deficiency Symptoms or disease:

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-Night blindness
-hard dry skin and membranes
-Xerophthalmia
-Loss of appetite
-impaired growth
-impaired reproduction

Front 68

Vitamin A Toxicity:

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-Anorexia
-dry itchy skin

-hair loss and coarsening of hair

Vitamin A metabolites are teratogens;

Front 69

Vitamin A Population at Risk:

Back 69

Alcoholics; children under 6; Low fat diets; steatorrhea, liver or gall bladder disease

Front 70

Vitamin A DRI-RDA or AI-UL- Units:

Back 70

1 RAE=1 ug retinol
RDA-lactation very high
UL3000ug for preformed vitamin A only

Front 71

Vitamin D Provitamins etc...:

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-Calciferol
-Ergosterol>ergocalciferol (vitamin D2)

Cholestorel>
7dehydrocholesterol>
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3

Front 72

Vitamin D Food Source:

Back 72

+few good sources:
-fish liver oils
-eggs
-liver
-butter
-fortified foods (milk and margarine)

Front 73

Vitamin D Biochemical and Physiological Function:

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-maintenance of plasma Ca and P levels
-calcitriol in intestinal cells, bone, kidney
-gene expression

Front 74

Vitamin D Deficiency Symptoms or disease:

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-Rickets in children
-Osteomalacia in adults

Front 75

Vitamin D Toxicity:

Back 75

Not by excessive sunlight
-anorexia
-vomiting
-hypertension
-renal failure
-calcification of soft tissues

Front 76

Vitamin D Population at Risk:

Back 76

-elderly
-children
-liver and renal disease
-fat malabsorption syndromes

Front 77

Vitamin D DRI-RDA or AI-UL Units:

Back 77

-AI-big changes over the years
-greatly increased in children UL

Front 78

Vitamin K Provitamins etc...:

Back 78

-Phylloquinone-K1
-Menaquinone-K2
-Menadione-K3
+Active Form- hydroquinone derivative, acts as a coenzyme or cosubstrate for glutamyl carboxylase

Front 79

Vitamin K Food Source:

Back 79

-green vegetables-about 50% of foods

Front 80

Vitamin K Biochemical and Physiological Function:

Back 80

-coagulation of blood
-bone metabolism
-kidneys
-connective tissue

Front 81

Vitamin K Deficiency Symptoms or disease:

Back 81

-slow or defective clotting; very rare

Front 82

Vitamin K Toxicity:

Back 82

excess menadione- liver damage and hemodylic anemia

Front 83

Vitamin K Population at risk:

Back 83

-newborns, but get IM shot @ birth; long term antibiotics

Front 84

Vitamin K DRI-RDA or AI-UL-Units:

Back 84

AI-ug

Front 85

Vitamin E Provitamins etc...:

Back 85

-Tocopherol

Front 86

Vitamin E DRI-RDA or AI-UL-Units:

Back 86

-RDA-mg
-alpha
-tocopherol

UL- 1000

Front 87

Vitamin E Food source:

Back 87

-vegetable oils
-wheat germ-whole grains because of embryo

Front 88

Vitamin E Biochemical and Physiological Function:

Back 88

-Antioxidant; maintenence of cellular membrane

Front 89

Vitamin E Deficiency Symptoms or disease:

Back 89

-red cell fragility-hemolyctic anemia

interfer with A and K absorrption

Front 90

Vitamin E Toxicity:

Back 90

Up to 800 mg/dat well tolerated

Front 91

Vitamin E Population at Risk:

Back 91

-newborn, premature infants

Front 92

VIT E assessment

Back 92

red cell hemolysis test:

- HPCL, maodialprodure vitro, pentose product in vivo

Front 93

Vit K assessmnet

Back 93

normal plama prothrombine leverl, normal proromotime, plama phyloquine

Front 94

Vit A assessment

Back 94

dark adpatations, bitot's spots, plasma retinal (%RDR)

Front 95

Vit D assessment

Back 95

serum levels of calcidiol