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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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92. What is a neuron
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it is a nerve fiber can also be called a ____
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93. What are the parts of a neuron
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dendrite, cell body (soma) Axon make up the parts of a _____
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94.what are the fundamental properties of neuron function
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highly specialized cells that transmit impulses within animals to cause a change in a target cell are characteristics of ______
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what are the two things you need to have an active potential?
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stimulus and action potential are the two things you need to make _____
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what does stimulation of a neuron lead to?
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discharge is what happens when you _____
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what is threshold
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? A division between two zones is commonly refured to as a ______
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what does irritability mean?
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ability for cell to store chemicals and discharge and then get restored and then discharged again is called ____
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Both Hair cells and endolymph have what common electrical property?
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they are both electrically charged this is a characteristic of both _____ and ____
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What is the concept of resting potential?
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something has the capacity to have active potential is the concept of ____
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95. What is the absolute refractory period of a neuron
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the critical time during which the cell cannot discharge. Despite stimulation Not enough chemical restoration has taken place so it does not matter how much stimulation you use the cell can not discharge this is what is referred to as ____
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What is the relative refractory period
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the period of time during which the cell COULD discharge but only if more then usual stimulation referred to as ___
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96. What is different about primary auditory neurons
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being bipolar is a common characteristics found in ____ neurons
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96b. Why is the primary auditory neuron different?
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the organ of corti can be smaller, this is a reason that the ___ neuron is different
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a bipolar neuron is different in that it has?
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more distance between the cell body and the dendrite allowing us to have more sensory neurons in one location
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97.What is/where is a ganglion (plural, ganglia)
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A groups of cell bodies found in the PNS this we commonly call ____
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What makes a ganglia different from a nuclei
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___ are found in the central nervous system where nuclei are not
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98. What is the difference between an afferent nerve and an efferent nerve
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Efferent is the future of hearing research, afferent is sensory bottom going up, and efferent is top going down motor or a muscle nervous system is sending a command to a motor efferent
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99. What are the two types of auditory afferent nerve fibers
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Type 1 radial and type two spiral are the two types of __________
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100. To which type of hair cell do Type I (radial) nerve fibers attach
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Inner hair cells have what type of nerve fibers
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To which type of hair cell do Type II (spiral) nerve fibers attach
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Outter hair cells have what type of nerve fibers
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101. What does Many to one means?
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that there are a lot of nerve fibers to ONE hair cell means _____
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what does One to many means?
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One nerve goes to many outer hair cells is the term for ___
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102. what six specific structures run in the internal auditory canal
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cochlear nerve , superior vestibular inferior vestibular branch, 7th nerve (facial) cochlear vein, cochlear artery are the six structures that are in the ______
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103. Relative to the IAC, where is the brainstem
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it is medial
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103b. Relative to the IAC where is the cerebellum?
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it is immediately medial and a little posterior on top of it
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103c. Relative to the IAC where is the CPA
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It is the point that the 8th nerve meets the pons posterior
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103d. CPA stand for
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cerebellopantime angle gap between the cerebellum and the petrous portion and the brain stem is abrieviated by ___
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104. What is "potential"
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ability for something to react to something and have a “action potential” is the term for ____
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105.. What are the two most important resting potentials
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Intracellular potential, endocochlear potential are the two _____ potentials
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106.. What is the source of the "endocochlear potential"
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The endocochlear potential (EP) is the positive voltage of 80 - 100 mV seen in the endolymphatic space of the cochlea.
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107.. What is the total potential available “across the top of the hair cells”
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highest voltage in the entire body 150ml
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108. What is the whole nerve action potential
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more then one nerve having action potential
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109 Can you describe/outline the activity (in general) which occurs in the cochlea which results in the generation of a neural impulse at the base of the auditory hair cells
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this is biochememically slightly different then the sodium pump hypothesis. Cochlea → 8th cranial nerve tract → ends at the cochlear nuclei → acoustic stria → many end at the SOC → lateral lemniscus → inferior Colliculus → brachium of the Inferior Colliculus → medial geniculate nuclei → final stopping point auditory radiation (nerve fibers) → auditory cochlei
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110. What is meant by a neural firing rate
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the faster the neurons fire it is perceived as louder and louder, firing rate I how we Encode loudness
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111. What is the “volley principle”
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the amount of neurons firing they all fire and by the time the last row fired then the begaining row is ready to go again. It is like in the old days when the men used to line up to fight and there would be three rows and they would rechange and the other rows are going
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112. What is place theory
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“tono-topic organization” all the nuclei preserver frequency by organizing tissues to be responsible for it.
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113 How does the auditory system initially encode frequency
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Intensity
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what is a ascending pathway?
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the auditory nervous system is purely a ascending pathway
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114. What are the major nuclei in the central auditory nervous system
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Cochlear nuclei
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115. What are the functions of nuclei, in general
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serve as relays between nuclei, mediate reflexes ‘stampedes reflex’, integrate ‘decisions are being made’ ‘huge areas of nuclei that can sift and sort information’
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116. What are the major nerve tracts in the central auditory nervous system
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Simplified pathway, ascending auditory nervous system
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117. Why do we say that the auditory system is a "primarily crossed" system
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so we can localize sounds, this is primarily done in the brain stem most of the output of the right cochlea goes to the left side of the brain this is 80%
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why do we say that the auditory system has uncrossed”
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20% of information coming out of the left brain goes to the right brain
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118. Why is the central auditory system so complex
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because it does more then one thing it also does many other things such as localization and reflexes why do we hear? What do we have to hear, short pathway and long pathway with connections to many other body systems for reflexes, ability to process acoustic stimuli into language
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119. What part of the central auditory system seems to be responsible for localization
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short responding (short pathway)
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120. what are the three major reasons why humans have “reduced auditory sensitivity”?
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A) Born normal and then get diseases, neoplasm or aging B) born with normal structures and damaged by environmental influences or aging C) born with different structures or missing structures aging
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121. what is meant by “types” pf hearing loss?
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This is based on locations of where the dysfunction is. What we do is a hearing test with a standard air phone “air conduction” compare that to a bone conduction to tell where the problem is located. Id you have a problem when doing the air conduction but you can hear fine with bone conduction this means you problem is with you outer or middle ear.
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