4-Urogenital Development

Front 1

What structures does intermediate mesoderm go on to form?

Back 1

kidneys and gonads

Front 2

What does the paraxial mesoderm form?

Back 2

head and somites

Front 3

Name the 3 divisions of the somite and what each is responsible for forming.

Back 3

sclerotome-cartilage
myotome-skeletal muscle
dermatome-dermis

Front 4

What are the 3 divisions of the lateral mesoderm?

Back 4

splanchnic, somatic and extra-embryonic

Front 5

What does the splanchnic mesoderm form?

Back 5

circulatory system

Front 6

Paired nephrotomes are paired segmentally and come from what regions? What mesoderm do they stem from?

Back 6

cervical to sacral
intermediate mesoderm

Front 7

Name the 3 types of kidneys formed during fetal development.

Back 7

pronephros-primative
mesonephros-thoracolumbar
metanephros-permanent

Front 8

In what direction do the 3 kidneys develop?

Back 8

craniocaudal

Front 9

When do the mesonephros start to differentiate?

Back 9

when the pronephrons start to disappear

Front 10

Which part(s) of the developing kidney produce urine?

Back 10

mesonephros (some)
metanephros

Front 11

What does the mesonephric duct contribute to?

Back 11

developing testis, male genital system and vestigial remnants in the female

Front 12

How many functional mesonephric tubules are located on each side?

Back 12

40

Front 13

When do the metanephros appear?

Back 13

5th week of fetal development

Front 14

What does the metanephros form from?

Back 14

bud that grows out of mesonephric duct, this bud grows into the surrounding mesoderm

Front 15

Where is the metanephros able to produce urine?

Back 15

weeks 11-13 of fetal development

Front 16

When is the definitive architecture of the metanephros present?

Back 16

week 10 of fetal development

Front 17

Urine is produced early in development-why is this important?

Back 17

provides component of amniotic fluid

Front 18

What is the primary waste disposal system for the fetus?

Back 18

placenta

Front 19

What is polyhydramnios? What causes it?

Back 19

excess amniotic fluid may be due to esophageal or duodenal atresia which prevents normal swallowing of amniotic fluid

Front 20

What is oligohydramnios? What causes it?

Back 20

shortage of amniotic fluid due to falure of the kidneys to develop or ruptured membranes

Front 21

Name 5 functions of the amniotic fluid.

Back 21

cushioning
control of body temp
prevent adherence of amnion to embryo
permits symmetrical external growth of embryo
allows free movement of embryo

Front 22

What is lung hypoplasia associated with?

Back 22

oligohydramnios

Front 23

What is the origin of the metanephros?

Back 23

mesoderm

Front 24

What does the metanephric blastema form from?

Back 24

intermediate mesoderm

Front 25

What 'sprout' from the mesonephric ducts?

Back 25

ureteric buds

Front 26

What surrounds the ureteric buds?

Back 26

metanephric blastema

Front 27

What does outgrowth of the ureteric bud form?

Back 27

collecting tubules, calyces, and pelvis

Front 28

What is the nephron derived from? collecting tubules?

Back 28

nephron-metanephric blastem
collecting-ureteric bud

Front 29

What causes the kidney to ascend?

Back 29

differential growth

Front 30

Is kidney development complete at birth?

Back 30

No, nephron formation is complete, but elongation of segments and functional maturation occurs after birth

Front 31

What is an ectopic kidney?

Back 31

the kidney in an unusual site, ie pelvic kidney, often pancake shaped

Front 32

What can occur w/ horseshoe kidneys?

Back 32

their ascent is blocked by the IMA

Front 33

What can cause a hydronephrotic kidney?

Back 33

obstruction of the lower end of the ureter

Front 34

Whith a pelvic kidney, where does the adrenal gland form?

Back 34

in its normal position

Front 35

How do ectopic ureters occur?

Back 35

duplications of the ureteric bud

Front 36

What does the epithelium of the bladder form from? What do other layers of the wall (ie SM) form from?

Back 36

epithelium-urogenital sinus
others-splanchnopleuric mesenchyme

Front 37

What divides the cloaca into a dorsal rectum and ventral urogenital sinus?

Back 37

urorectal septum

Front 38

The mesonephric ducts and attached ureteric buds are intercalated into the posterior wall of the bladder. What is this process called?

Back 38

exstrophy (eversion of a hollow organ)

Front 39

Initially the bladder is continuous with the allantois which goes on to form what? What is this stucture known as in the adult?

Back 39

urachus
median umbilical ligament

Front 40

Where is the bladder located in infants?

Back 40

abdomen

Front 41

What are the major ducts of the gonads in females?

Back 41

paramesonephric or Mullerian ducts

Front 42

What are the major ducts of the gonads in males?

Back 42

mesonephric ducts or Wolffian ducts

Front 43

What do the seminal vesicles and ductus deferens differentiate from?

Back 43

mesonephric system

Front 44

What is the difference between a fistula and a sinus?

Back 44

a fistula is an open tube a sinus is a blind tube (only open at one end)

Front 45

What happens to the mesonephric ducts?

Back 45

they are resorbed into the posterior bladder

Front 46

What happens to the mesonephric ducts in females? males?

Back 46

they degenerate
ejaculatory ducts

Front 47

In females, what is the epithelium of the urethra formed from?

Back 47

urogenital sinus

Front 48

In males, what is the epithelium of the urethra formed from?

Back 48

urogenital sinus except for the distal portion which is derived from the ectodermal glandular plate

Front 49

What is the CT and SM of the urethra formed from?

Back 49

splanchnopleuric mesenchyme

Front 50

What is exstrophy of the bladder?

Back 50

exposure and protrusion of the posterior wall of the bladder through the abdominal wall

Front 51

What is it called when the urethra opens on the dorsal surface of the penis? ventral surface?

Back 51

epispadias
hypospadias

Front 52

What is the cortex of the adrenal gland formed from?

Back 52

intermediate mesoderm

Front 53

What is the medulla of the adrenal gland derived from?

Back 53

neural crest

Front 54

What is dehydroipiandrosterone produced by? What is it a precursor of?

Back 54

placenta
estrogen

Front 55

What is the fetal adrenal cortex a part of?

Back 55

the feto-materno-placental unit

Front 56

What can congenital virilizing hyperplasia cause in females?

Back 56

pseudohermaphroditism

Front 57

Describe how females can get masculization of their genitalia is there is a defect in glucocoricoids.

Back 57

ACTH keeps increasing which stimulates the entire cortex of adrenal glands and get an increase in male hormones

Front 58

What acts on the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal glands? What hormone is secreted?

Back 58

ACTH
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Front 59

What acts on the zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands? What hormone is secreted?

Back 59

corticotropin
glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgen

Front 60

What acts on the zona reticularis? What hormone is secreted?

Back 60

corticotropin
gluccocorticoids and androgen

Front 61

What acts on the medulla of the adrenal gland? What hormone is secreted?

Back 61

preganglionic fibers
epi and NE