4-Reproductive System

Front 1

Name the 4 steps of sex determination.

Back 1

genetic, gondadal, phenotypic, psychological

Front 2

When do each of the 4 stages of sex determination occur?

Back 2

genetic-fertilization
gonadal-6th week
phenotypic-7th week
psychological-neonate-puberty

Front 3

Name 4 parts the help shape psychological sex.

Back 3

gender identity, gender roles, gender orientation (the choice of sex partners), cognitive differences

Front 4

What is penotypic sex induced by?

Back 4

hormones

Front 5

What is the reproductive capablity of someone who is XXX? XXY?

Back 5

XXX-produce normal offspring
XXY-spermatogenesis is not functional

Front 6

What is the syndrome of XXY? Describe the genitalia?

Back 6

Klinefelter's syndrome
normal penis, small testicles

Front 7

What is Turner's syndrome?

Back 7

females having only one X choromosome (XO)

Front 8

Name the three cell types from which gonads develop.

Back 8

coelomic epithelium, mesenchyme, primordial germ cells

Front 9

What are primordial germ cells destined to produce? Where are they first visible? And at what week?

Back 9

eggs or sperm
in the yolk sac near the allantois outside the embryo during 4th emobryonic week

Front 10

What might primordial germ cells be derived from?

Back 10

epiblast/ectoderm

Front 11

The epithelial cells of the coelomic epithelium thicken and differentiate over what? What does this form?

Back 11

mesenchyme near the mesonephros
-genital ridge

Front 12

What does the gonadal ridge become?

Back 12

bipotential gonad

Front 13

During the 6th week, how many primordial germ cells migrate into each gondal ridge?

Back 13

300-1300

Front 14

The paramesonephric duct or Mullerian duct develops as an invagination of what?

Back 14

coelomic epithelium

Front 15

Near the developing gonad is the pre-existing mesonephric duct as well as _____.

Back 15

paramesonephric or Mullerian duct

Front 16

What surrounds the incoming primordial germ cells?

Back 16

mesenchymal cells of the gonadal ridge

Front 17

What are primordial germ cells within the developing ovary callede by the 7th-9th week? What is the percentage of cells present at this time?

Back 17

oogonia
8-10%

Front 18

What do the mesenchymal cells that surround the oogonia become? At what week does this occur?

Back 18

follicular cells
week 14

Front 19

What happens to oocytes that are not surrounded by follicular cells?

Back 19

apoptosis

Front 20

Describe the need for steroids in development of the female genitalia.

Back 20

little steroid production by the fetal ovary and it isn't neccesary for development of female tubular structures or female external genitalia

Front 21

True or False. Testicular development lags slightly behind ovarian development.

Back 21

False, ovarian dev is behind testicular dev

Front 22

What do the cortical sex cords differentiate into?

Back 22

follicular cells

Front 23

What is incorporated into follicular cells?

Back 23

primordial germ cells

Front 24

What inhibits completion of meiosis until puberty in females?

Back 24

follicular cells

Front 25

The arrangement of flattened follicular cells around a meiotically-blocked oogonium is known as what?

Back 25

primordial follicle

Front 26

XO oocytes in Turner's syndrome generally undergo embryonic atresia. What does this result in?

Back 26

disrupted ovarian development

Front 27

When in female development is there the greatest number of germ cells?

Back 27

week 20 (embryologically)

Front 28

What do many of the male accessory reproductive organs develop from?

Back 28

embryonic urinary system structures

Front 29

Which phenotype is inherent (dominant or the default developmental path)?

Back 29

female

Front 30

What do the paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts form?

Back 30

oviducts, uterus, and most of vagina

Front 31

What happens to the caudal ends of the paramesonephric ducts? What does this form?

Back 31

they grow together as they join the urogenital sinus
-joint midline structure, uterovaginal primordium

Front 32

What is the urogenital sinus formed from?

Back 32

cloaca

Front 33

What does the uterovaginal primordium form?

Back 33

proximal 4/5 of vagina and cervix and uterus

Front 34

The contact of the uterovaginal primordium and urogenital sinus induces what?

Back 34

sinusal tubercle

Front 35

What is the cloaca?

Back 35

an expansion of the rectum

Front 36

Name the 2 chambers of the cloaca.

Back 36

urogenital sinus and rectum

Front 37

What is the urogenital sinus connected to?

Back 37

allantois

Front 38

Name the 3 folds of the rectum.

Back 38

superior Tourneus fold and L&R Rathke's folds

Front 39

What is the urogenital sinus further divided into in females?

Back 39

sinovaginal bulbs and urethra and bladder

Front 40

What do the sinovaginal bulbs develop from? What do they form?

Back 40

dev from sinusal tubercle
form distal 1/5 of vagina

Front 41

Where does the sinovaginal bulb develop with respect of the urethra?

Back 41

posterior (sinovaginal bulb forms distal 1/5 of vagina)

Front 42

What does the superior part of the vagina form from? lower portion?

Back 42

-uterovginal primordium (Mullerian ducts)
-sinuvaginal bulbs

Front 43

The greater vestibular glands of the female are homologous to what in males?

Back 43

bulbourethral glands

Front 44

What is another name for greater vestibular glands? (female)

Back 44

Bartholin's glands

Front 45

What is another name of bulbourethral glands? (male)

Back 45

Cowper's

Front 46

The fusion of the paramesonephric ducts from each side bring together peritoneal folds wichi unite to form what?

Back 46

broad ligament, vesicouterine pouch anteriorly and rectouterine pouch posteriorly

Front 47

In males, as primordial germ cells (PGCs) migrate into the gonadal ridge, the mesenchymal cells surround the PGCs and differentiate into what?

Back 47

sertoli cells

Front 48

What do sertoli cells form? What are these precursors to?

Back 48

sex cords, precursors to seminiferous tubules

Front 49

What do peritubular myoid cells migrate into? What are they from?

Back 49

migrate to developing testis
from mesonephric kidney

Front 50

What do mesenchymal cells differentiate into?

Back 50

Leydig cells

Front 51

What do the embryonic sertoli cells produce?

Back 51

anti-Mullerian hormoe

Front 52

What do Leydig cells produce?

Back 52

testosterone

Front 53

As the testis develop what does the coelomic epithelium differentiate into?

Back 53

tunica albuginea, the CT capsule of testis

Front 54

Name the two hormones produced by the embryonic testis.

Back 54

MIS (Mullerian inhibiting substance) (anti-Mullerian hormone or AMH) and testosterone

Front 55

What do Sertoli cells secrete? What does this prevent?

Back 55

AMH (MIS)
prevents female reproductive structures from forming from the Mullerian (paramesonephric ducts)

Front 56

What secretes testosterone? What does this induce?

Back 56

Leydig cells
male reproductive structures form both internally and externally

Front 57

Name the structures that develop from the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct in males. What must be present for this to occur?

Back 57

epididymis, vas deferens, ejcaculatory duct, and seminal vesicle
androgens and functional receptors must be present

Front 58

What is androgen produced from?

Back 58

Leydig cells

Front 59

What does the prostate gland develop from?

Back 59

prostatic urethra (urogenital sinus endoderm)

Front 60

What does the stroma and smooth muscle of the male reproductive organs form from?

Back 60

mesenchyme

Front 61

What does the epithelium of the bulbourethral glands form from?

Back 61

spongy portion of urethra and CT and SM from mesenchyme

Front 62

What do the prostate and bulbourethral glands bud from? What do the seminal vesicles bud from?

Back 62

-urethra
-mesonephric duct

Front 63

What allows the germ cells developed in the testes to exit the body? What does this bypass? What do they exit through?

Back 63

embryonic kidney structures
bladder
penis

Front 64

Where are the gonads of both males and females initially located?

Back 64

posterior abdominal wall

Front 65

Name the two ligaments that the gonads are attached to.

Back 65

superior suspensory ligament and gubernculum

Front 66

What is the name of the evagination obliquely through the inferior abdominal wall in both sexes?

Back 66

inguinal canal

Front 67

What extends from the inferior pole of the gonad through the inguinal canal into the labioscrotal swellings?

Back 67

gubernaculum

Front 68

What is the extension of peritoneum that herniates through the abdominal wall following the path of the gubernaculum in males?

Back 68

processus vaginalis

Front 69

What does the processus vaginalis carry with it? What will is form?

Back 69

layers of the extensions of the abdominal wall
forms layers of the inguinal canal and in males the coverings of the spermatic cord and testis

Front 70

What forms the deep inguinal ring?

Back 70

opening in the transversalis fascia

Front 71

What forms the superficial inguinal ring?

Back 71

opening in the external oblique apooneurosis

Front 72

When do the testes normally migrate to the deep inguinal ring?

Back 72

by 7th month

Front 73

In females, what is the gubernaculum responsible for? What does it form?

Back 73

pulls ovaries into the pelvis and forms the proper ligament of the ovary and round ligament of the uterus

Front 74

Where does the gubernaculum extend to in females?

Back 74

labia magus

Front 75

What does testicular descent into the scrotum require?

Back 75

expression of a Leydig cell produced hormone

Front 76

What does the knocking out of Leydig insulin like hormone (Insl3) cause in mice?

Back 76

cryptorchidism

Front 77

What do fetal Leydig cells secrete?

Back 77

Leydig-insulin like hormone

Front 78

What happens to the cranial suspensory ligament when exposed to androgens?

Back 78

it involutes

Front 79

What helps keep the ovaries in the pelvis?

Back 79

suspensory ligament of the ovary

Front 80

What is the condition when the testes fail to fully descend into the scrotum? What are clinical side effects to this condition?

Back 80

cryptorchidism
-incidence of testicular tumors, infertility

Front 81

What is the condition of a persistent processus vaginalis, large enough to only permit passage of peritoneal fluid?

Back 81

hydrocele

Front 82

What is the persistent processus vaginalis that allows herniation of intestine intot he scrotum?

Back 82

congenitla inguinal hernia

Front 83

Name the remnants of the mesonephric duct that may not undergo emplete apoptosis in females. What would these structures be buried by?

Back 83

paroophoron, epoophoron, duct of Gartner
-broad ligament

Front 84

Name the male remnant(s) of the paramesonephric duct?

Back 84

appendix of the testis

Front 85

Name the 4 common embryonic structures that external genitalia develop from.

Back 85

genital tubercle, urogenital fold, urethral groove, labioscrotal (genital) swelling

Front 86

What forms from the genital tubercle (phallus) in females? males?

Back 86

clitoris
penis

Front 87

In females, the unfused urogenital folds form what? males?

Back 87

labia minora
spongy urethra (penis body)

Front 88

In females,the unfused labioscrotal forms what? males?

Back 88

labia majora
scrotum

Front 89

What do the glandular part of th epenis and termianl part of the penile urethra form from?

Back 89

ectoderm

Front 90

In females, what does the urogenital groove form? males?

Back 90

-opening of urethra & vagina
-opening of urethra

Front 91

What is hypospadia? What causes it?

Back 91

when the opening of the urethra is on the ventral surface of the penis or scrotum
-failure of the fusion of the urogenital fold to meet in the midline

Front 92

What is epispadia?

Back 92

urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the penis

Front 93

Which is more common, hypospadia or epispadia?

Back 93

hypospadia

Front 94

Describe the phenotype of testicular feminization. What is the genotype?

Back 94

individuals appear as phenotypic females despite the presence of testes in the labia majora
XY

Front 95

What is the cause of testicular feminization?

Back 95

defective androgen receptor (Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome)

Front 96

Describe the defect in Adrenal Virilizing Hyperplasia. What is the result?

Back 96

defect in cortisol pathway
results in excess production of anterior pituitary trophic hormones and an excessive stimulation of the adrenal fetal cortex.

Front 97

What does excessive stimulation of the fetal adrenal cortex lead to? What can this cause?

Back 97

androgen production
masculinization of the female genitales

Front 98

What is the genotype in Adrenal Virilizing Hyperplasia?

Back 98

XX

Front 99

Name the female and male structures that are derived from primordial germ cells.

Back 99

f-oocytes
m-spermatogenic cells

Front 100

Name the female and male structures that are derived from indifferent gonads.

Back 100

f-ovary
m-testis

Front 101

Name the female and male structures that are derived from gubernaculum.

Back 101

f-proper ovarian ligament and round ligament of the uterus
m-gubernaculum testis

Front 102

Name the female and male structures that are derived from the mesonephric tubules.

Back 102

f-epoophoron and paroophoron
m-efferent ductules

Front 103

Name the female and male structures that are derived from the mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct).

Back 103

f-duct of Gartner
m-appendix of epididymis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle

Front 104

Name the female and male structures that are derived from the ureteric bud.

Back 104

f-ureter
m-ureter

Front 105

Name the female and male structures that are derived from the paramesonephric duct (Mullerian duct).

Back 105

f-oviduct (Fallopian tube), uterus, proximal 4/5 of vagina, Hydatid of Morgagni
m-appendix of testis

Front 106

Name the female and male structures that are derived from the urogenital sinus.

Back 106

f-urinary bladder, urethra, distal 1/5 of vagina, paraurethral glands (Skene's), greater vestibular glands (Bartholin's)
m-bladder, urethra (except navicular fossa), prostatic utricle, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland (Cowper's)

Front 107

Name the female and male structures that are derived from the phallus (genital tubercle).

Back 107

f-clitoris, glans of clitoris, vestibular bulbs, corpora cavernosa clitoris, and corpus psongiosum clitoris
m-penis, glans, body corpora cavernosa, and corpus spongiosum of penis

Front 108

Name the female and male structures that are derived from the urogenital folds.

Back 108

f-labia minora
m-ventral surface of penis

Front 109

Name the female and male structures that are derived from the labioscrotal swellings.

Back 109

f-labia majoria
m-scrotum