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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Many foreign antigens are destroyed rapidly by ____, complement and preformed antibody. If not they will attach to ______ on antigen presenting cells
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- PMN’s (neutrophils)
- pattern recognition receptors |
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Activation of the APC can be enhanced when the Ag is attached to an ________
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- adjuvant
- lots of cytokines produced by APCs when responding to Ag with adjuvant |
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Once the APC arrives in the lymph node, it meets a T cell with the same antigen specificity. ____ interacts with CD28 & brings them together. CD4 on T cell binds to _____ & pulls cells together. Once the T cell is activated it starts making ___ & ____ to grow/proliferate.
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- B7
- MHC II - IL-2 & IL-2 R |
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If IL-12 is made by the APC, T cells mature into _____. These will make ___ & ____. these activate APCs - which are generally phagocytic cells so they can go eat & destroy things.
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- TH1
- interferon gamma & IL-2 - interferon gamma |
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If IL-4 is made, T cells mature into ____ & start secreting ___, ___ & ____. Which one stimulates IgE proliferation? Eosinophils?
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- TH2
- IL-4, 5, 13 - IL-4/13 - IL-5 |
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_____ causes Inflammation & neutrophil infiltration
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- IL-17
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CD8 cells are activated by recognizing peptide inside Class I MHC molecules and they respond to ______ made by CD4 cells. what happens then?
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- IL-2
- they go to cells presenting the antigen on MHC I molecules and kill them |
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what happens in hepatitis?
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liver getting damage b/c virus living in liver cells – CD8 cells going and killing liver cells b/c they recongize the foreign antigen inside MHC I
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Interaction of___ (B cells) –___ on T cells will stimulate the B cell to mature into plasma cells and make antibody
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- CD40
- CD40L |
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Immune responses must be turned down when the antigen has been destroyed. Failure to do this may result in ________
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- autoimmune disease
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To shut down the T cell response, ____ competes with CD28 for B7
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- CTLA-4
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How does Fas control T cell regulation?
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- activated T cells develop Fas L - reacts with Fas normally present on T cell = apoptosis
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Treg cells secrete ___ & ____ to turn the T cell response down
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- TGF beta
- IL-10 |
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immunologic tolerance
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- lack of response to specific antigen
- failure to induce specific immunity to that antigen |
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central tolerance: what is it and when does it occur?
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- Self-Tolerance is unresponsiveness to SELF antigens
- Occurs in the thymus (Negative Selection) |
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peripheral tolerance: what are the 2 mechanisms?
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1) clonal deletion: continuous exposure to self-Ags leads to apoptosis of autoreactive lymphotyces via Fas/Fas L
2) clonal anergy: absence of co-stimulatory signals like B7/CD28 |
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fetal tolerance
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- relatively easy to develop tolerance as a fetus - lasts about a week once born
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adult tolerance: difficult or easy? what are the types?
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- difficult to induce
- lack of costimulatory molecules B7 & CD28 - high dose tolerance - possible under special circumstances - oral tolerance under some circumstances - adjuvants may help cause tolerance |
