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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 things regulated by the Hypothalamus:
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1. Body temp
2. Feeding/energy metabolism 3. Emergency response to Stress 4. BP/Electrolyte composition 5. Sex |
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Where can the hypothalamus get sensory info from?
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Virtually the entire body
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Where does it get visual info?
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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Where does it get pain?
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From the spinal cord and trigeminal nerve
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What do internal sensory neurons give input to the hypothalamus about?
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-Glucose
-Na -Osmolality -Local temp |
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In what areas do hormones act ON the hypothalamus?
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Circumventricular organs
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What does the hypothalamus establish for body regulation?
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Setpoints
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What are the 3 ways that the hypothalamus responds to a deviation from setpoint?
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-Autonomic adjustments
-Endocrine adjustments -Behavioral (limbic) adjustments |
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What are neurons in the Anterior Hypothalamic nucleus sensitive to?
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WARMTH
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What does the anterior hypothalmic nucleus trigger in response to warmth?
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Heat dissipation mechanisms
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How does the hypothalamus trigger heat dissipation?
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By activating the PNS
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How do inflammatory cytokines and pyrogens act on this area?
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By increasing the setpoint to allow inflammatory fevers.
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What are the neurons in the Posterior Hypothalamic nucleus sensitive to?
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Cold
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What happens when these neurons sense cold?
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They trigger SNS and endocrine outflow to generate and conserve heat
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What behavioral components are involved in thermoregulation?
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Seeking shelter, putting on or off clothes, etc.
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What are the 3 hormones involved in the STRESS response?
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-Cortisol
-Epinephrine -Norepinephrine |
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What 2 prominent components of the limbic system are interconnected extensively with the hypothalamus?
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-Hippocampus
-Amygdala |
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Via what?
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Stria terminalis
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Why does learning need to be involved in stress response?
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So you remember the bumblebee that bit you
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What is the Feeding (hunger) Center?
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Lateral hypothalamic nucleus
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What is the Satiety center?
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Ventromedial nucleus of the Tuberal area
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What 3 hormones play a prominent role in hunger/satiety?
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-Insulin
-Glucagon -Leptin |
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What is a 3rd and VERY important nucleus in the hypothalamus for hunger/satiety?
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ARCUATE
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What neuron cell bodies are located in the arcuate for this? What does each stimulate?
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-POMC/CART - decreased feeding, increased energy utilization
-AGRP/NPY - increased feeding, decreased energy utilization. |
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What is the important molecule that comes from POMC/CART when stimulated?
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a-MSH
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Where is output from BOTH sets of neurons integrated?
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At the nucleus solitarius tracturs, which appears to be the SATIETY center.
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What hormone stimulates feeding by stimulating AGRP/NPY and inhibiting POMC/CART?
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Ghrelin
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What is the time frame for Ghrelin activity?
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Short term
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What short term hormone counteracts Ghrelin?
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PPY
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What longer term hormone decreases feeding?
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Leptin
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How does Leptin work?
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By inhibiting AGRP/NPY neurons
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So the four important inhibitory hormones from the gut are:
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-Insulin
-CCK -Leptin -PPY |
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What is the stimulatory gut hormone?
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Ghrelin
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What is a craniopharyngeoma?
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A congenital tumor that is usually calcified and originates from remnants of Rathke's pouch
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What is the most common site of a craniopharyngeoma in children?
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Supratentorial
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What does a craniopharyngeoma press on and cause?
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Optic chiasm - bitemporal hemianopsia
Hypothalamus - hypothalamic syndrome |
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What is hypothalamic syndome?
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-Increased adiposity
-Diabetes insipidus -Temp regulation disturbences -Somnolence |
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What was the treatment for Schizophrenia in India in 1000 BC?
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Rauwolfia serpentina
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What was the treatment for Schizophrenia in Greece in 700 BC?
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Religious intervention
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What was the treatment for Schizophrenia in Europe in 1400 AD?
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Religious persecution
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What was the treatment for Schizophrenia in the US in 1936?
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Psychosurgery
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What was the treatment for Schizophrenia in Italy in 1938?
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ECT
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What was the treatment for Schizophrenia in the US in 1952?
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Phenothiazines (1st generation typicals)
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