4-External Genitalia

Front 1

What is contained in the scrotum?

Back 1

testis, epididymis, vas or ductus deferens, testicular and epididymal arteries, and pampiniform plexus of veins

Front 2

What is the purpose of the pampiniform plexus of veins?

Back 2

countercurrent heat exchange system, keeps testis cooler than body temp

Front 3

What are the parts of the epididymis?

Back 3

head (caput); body (corpus); tail (cauda)

Front 4

Name 5 functions of the epididymis.

Back 4

sperm maturation
sperm storage
sperm disposal
absorption
secretion

Front 5

What surrounds the vas deferens?

Back 5

3 layers of SM

Front 6

What does the vas deferens form?

Back 6

ejaculatory ducts

Front 7

What is the position of the vas deferens with respect to the seminal vesicles?

Back 7

it is just superior to seminal vesicles

Front 8

After a vasectomy where is it thought that sperm are broken down?

Back 8

within the epididymis

Front 9

What is cryptorchidism? What else can be affected?

Back 9

retention of the testes anywhere along the route of descent
fertillity

Front 10

What is the insufficient or congenital absence of valves with the spermatic vein? What can this cause? Which side is this more common on? Why?

Back 10

-varicocele
-blood reflux within pampiniform plexus
-more common on L side
-L testicular vein returns to renal vein which has a higher pressure than the R testicular vein which drains into the IVC

Front 11

Discuss a congenital hydrocele of the testis.

Back 11

congenital-processes vaginalis remains open to peritoneal cavity

Front 12

Discuss an acquired hydrocele of the testis.

Back 12

abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the sac of the tunica vaginalis

Front 13

What is torsion of testis.

Back 13

twisting of spermatic cord causing strangulation of the blood vessels serving testis and epididymis

Front 14

Name the layers of the anterior abdominal wall.

Back 14

skin, Camper's (fatty) & Scarpa's (membranous) fascia, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abd, transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fatty tissue, peritoneum

Front 15

Name the layers of the scrotum. (starting from skin)

Back 15

skin, dartos fascia (membranous), external spermatic fascia, cremasteric m & fascia, internal spermatic fascia, areolar tissue w/ localized collections of fat, tunica vaginalis

Front 16

Name the layers of the spermatic cord.

Back 16

external spermatic fascia, cremasteric muscle & fascia, internal spermatic f, obliterated processus v

Front 17

What are the 3 parts of the urethra?

Back 17

prostatic, membranous (intermediate), penile (spongy)

Front 18

What surrounds the internal urethral orifice as it penetrates the wall of the bladder. What type of muscle is it composed of?

Back 18

internal urethral sphincter made up of smooth muscle

Front 19

The midline ridge of the urethral crest rises up to form the seminal colliculus. What embryonic homolgue to the females is this? What functional structure is located here?

Back 19

prostatic utricle, a blind pouch, equiv to vagina in females
two openings for the ejaculatory ducts

Front 20

What does the membranous urethra pass through? What is it surrounded by?

Back 20

passes through levator ani of pelvic diaphragm and perineal membrane
surrounded by muscular fibers

Front 21

What do the muscular fibers that surround the membranous urethra form?

Back 21

external urethral sphincter formed of striated muscle of the urogenital diaphragm

Front 22

Name the least distensible portion of the urethra in males and females. What can be used to forcefully open the urethra?

Back 22

membranous portion of urethra for both
catheter

Front 23

Where does the bulbourethral gland lie? Where do its ducts open to?

Back 23

deep to perineal membrane
ducts open into proximal portion of penile urethra

Front 24

Name the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue.

Back 24

2 corpora cavernosa on dorsal surface, a single corpus spongiosum

Front 25

Which cylinder of erectile tissue contains the urethra?

Back 25

corpus spongiosum

Front 26

What surrounds each cylinder of erectile tissue?

Back 26

tunica albuginea

Front 27

The corpus spongiosum expands diatally to form the _____ and proximally to form the ______.

Back 27

glans
bulb of the penis

Front 28

Name the layers of the penis.

Back 28

skin, superficial fascia of penis, deep f (Buck's) of penis, tunica albuginea of corpus cavernosum erectile tissue

Front 29

What is the superficial (dartos) fascia of the penis continuous with?

Back 29

Scarpa's fascia of ant abdomen and Colle's fascia of perineum

Front 30

Name the blood vessels associated w/ the penis.

Back 30

superficial dorsal veins, deep dorsal arteries and veins, and deep corpus cavernosum artery

Front 31

Name the 2 ligaments of the penis.

Back 31

fundiform and suspensory ligament

Front 32

Which of the ligaments of the penis is more superficial? What does this ligament attach to?

Back 32

fundiform ligament-attaches from deep f. (Buck's) to linea alba superiorly

Front 33

What does the suspensory ligament attach to?

Back 33

from deep f. of penis to pubic symphysis

Front 34

If the foreskin is retracted what is exposed?

Back 34

corona of the glans

Front 35

The _____ body of the penis is skin, fascia, erectile tissue, blood, blood vessels and nerves.

Back 35

pendulous

Front 36

The ventral surface of the penis has a penile raphe, an embryological remnant of what?

Back 36

fusion of left and right tissue masses (urogenital folds) that join to form the penis

Front 37

At the base or root of the penis, each corpora cavernosae attaches where? What does this form?

Back 37

along inferior ramus of the pubic bone towards the ischial tuberosities
forms the R&L crura of penis

Front 38

What attach to the superficial surface of the perineal membrane of the penis?

Back 38

bulb of the penis and crura

Front 39

What muscles cover the base of the bulb of the penis and the two crura? What type of muscle is this?

Back 39

bulbospongiosus & ischiocavernosus muscles
both are skeletal muscles

Front 40

What is the only part of the penis that contains muscle? What is the purpose of the muscle here?

Back 40

the root
helps restrict venous blood flow out from the penis causing increase in internal penile pressure above arteriolar pressure

Front 41

What does the bulbospongiosus muscle do in addition to restricting blood flow?

Back 41

expels both semen and urine from the base of the penile urethra

Front 42

What is the major artery that supplies the penis? Name the branches of this artery.

Back 42

internal pudendal A
dorsal penile arteries, deep penile arteries, artery of the bulb of the penis

Front 43

What do the dorsal penile arteries supply?

Back 43

area btwn the corpora cavernosa, and mainly to skin and fascia

Front 44

What do the deep penile arteries supply?

Back 44

each corpora cavernosa, to erectile tissue

Front 45

What does the artery of the bulb of th penis supply? (2 things)

Back 45

the bulb of the penis and the bulbourethral glands

Front 46

Afferent sensations (GSA) are carried in _____ nerve of the penis, which is a branch of the _____ nerve. Name the corresponding spinal levels.

Back 46

dorsal
pudendal N
S2,3,4

Front 47

Parasympathetic fibers (GVE) travel along the _____ nerve and _____ nerves to the deep arteries of the penis.

Back 47

pudenal
pelvic splanchnic

Front 48

Sympathetic fibers innervating the penis come from spinal level(s) _____ and innervate arterial blood vessel walls.

Back 48

L1-2

Front 49

Motor innervation is from the deep branch of the _____ N, which is a branch of the _____ nerve. What is innervated?

Back 49

perineal
pudendal
bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles

Front 50

Erection of the penis requires (sympathetic or parasympathetic) stimulation? What does this allow for?

Back 50

parasympathetic
vasodilation

Front 51

What type of innervation is needed for ejaculation? What spinal levels? Name the nerves.

Back 51

sympathetic
L1&2
sacral splanchnic N

Front 52

What is detumescence?

Back 52

loss of an erection

Front 53

During ejaculation the internal urethral sphincter must remain closed and the external urethral sphincter must stay open otherwise what can occur?

Back 53

retroejaculation of seminal contents into bladder

Front 54

What may be the cause of the refractory period in which men cannot have a second orgasm?

Back 54

sympathetic discharge

Front 55

What is the name of the female external genitalia?

Back 55

vulva

Front 56

What is anterior to the pubic synphysis in females?

Back 56

mons pubis

Front 57

What contains the round ligament of the uterus?

Back 57

labia majora

Front 58

What are the two parts of the labia majora?

Back 58

anterior and posterior labial commissure

Front 59

Where is the anterior labial commissure located?

Back 59

anterior to the prepuce of the clitoris

Front 60

Where is the posterior labial commissure located?

Back 60

posterior to the vestibule, partially on top of the perineal body

Front 61

What immediately surrounds the vestibule of the vagina?

Back 61

labia minora

Front 62

What can the anterior commissure of the labia minora also be called?

Back 62

frenulum of clitoris

Front 63

What female tissue is homologous to the penis? What is the function of this tissue?

Back 63

clitoris
sexual arousal

Front 64

Where are the R&L crus of the clitoris located?

Back 64

along the inferior pubic rami

Front 65

Name the 3 parts of the clitoris.

Back 65

angle, body and glans

Front 66

Where is the angle of the clitoris?

Back 66

superiorly attached to pubic symphysis

Front 67

What is the most distal end of the clitoris called?

Back 67

glans

Front 68

What is the most innervated part of the clitoris? What is the nerve that innervates it?

Back 68

glans (distal end)
dorsal nerve of clitoris

Front 69

What is the partially covered angle and body of the clitoris called?

Back 69

prepuce of clitoris

Front 70

What ist he space between the labia minora?

Back 70

vestibule

Front 71

About how far away is the external urethral orifice from the clitoris?

Back 71

2 cm

Front 72

What are the thin folds of mucus membrane that may partially surround the vaginal orifice? What does this demarcate?

Back 72

hymen
vulva from vaginal orifice

Front 73

What is the name of the erectile tissue on either side of the vaginal orifice?

Back 73

bulbs of vestibule

Front 74

Name the muscle that covers the bulbs of vestibule.

Back 74

bulbospongiosus muscles

Front 75

What are the mucus secreting glands that of the vulva? Where are the openings of the glands located?

Back 75

greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands, openings are in the posterior lateral portion of the vestibule

Front 76

Compare the mucus secreting glands of males and females.

Back 76

in females the glands are superficial to the urogenital diaphragm

Front 77

What else is located by the fourchette or posterior commissure of the vulva?

Back 77

the frenulum of the labia minora inferior to the vaginal opening

Front 78

Glans of the clitoris may be connected to what?

Back 78

vestibular bulb

Front 79

In females, what does the bulbospongiosus muscle attach to?

Back 79

attaches from perineal body, runs on top of vestibular bulb

Front 80

In females, what does the ischiocavernosus muscle attach to?

Back 80

from ischial ramus and partially covers crura of clitoris

Front 81

In females, what does the superficial transverse perineal muscle attach to?

Back 81

from ischial ramus to perineal body

Front 82

Contraction of what muscle forces blood into the clitoris glans and body?

Back 82

superficial transverse perineal muscle

Front 83

What is the fibromuscular structure in the midline between the vaginal opening and anal opening? What does it connect?

Back 83

perineal body
perineal structures to pelvic diaphragm

Front 84

What part of the nervous system is throught to control desire and arousal phase in women?

Back 84

CNS and PSNS

Front 85

Orgasmic muscle contraction includes what muscles?

Back 85

the superficial perineal skeletal muscles-ischiocavernosus, bulbocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal muscles
smooth muscles of vaginal wall and muscles of pelvic floor or levator ani-pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus

Front 86

What may actually be located in the G spot?

Back 86

erectile tissue of the bulb of the clitoris that surrounds the urethra or Skene's glands (mucus secreting glands) that surround the urethra

Front 87

What type of cut may be done during labor in order to prevent tearing of the vagina and perineal body?

Back 87

episiotomy

Front 88

What are the main nerves that innervate the vulva? (2)

Back 88

pudendal and ilioinguinal

Front 89

name the branches of the pudendal nerve.

Back 89

dorsal nerve of the clitoris, posterior labial nerves, superficial and deep perineal nerves

Front 90

What does the ilioinguinal N provide some innervation to?

Back 90

mons pubis and anterior labia majors

Front 91

What is the purpose of a pudendal N block? How can this be done?

Back 91

provide some relief from the pain of childbirth
the pudendal nerve wraps around the ischial spine so it can be palpated and injects near this location