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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dopa is made from ________ via _________. This enzyme requires ______. The next step which makes Dopamine requires the cofactor _________ because there is a __________. Where is it made?
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- tyrosine
- tyrosine hydroxylase - tetrahydrobiopterin - PLP - decarboxylation - brain |
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Thyroxine is synthesized from ________. It is made on the protein _______. Thyroid peroxidase adds lots of _______ to the compound. Where is it made?
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- tyrosine
- thyroglobulin - iodine - thyroid |
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Grave's disease
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- antibodies against the TSHR - results in over-stimulated thyroglobulin
- end up with hyperthyroidism |
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Melanin is synthesized from ________. Patients with albinism lack _______ leading to a lack of melanin pigments in skin & eyes. Where is it made?
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- tyrosine
- melanin - skin |
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The synthesis of _____ & _____ & ______ require 1 carbon transfers.
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- glycine
- serine - cysteine |
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Dihydrofolate is reduce to its functional form ________ via _________. Where on the ring can methyl groups be held?
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- tetrahydrofolate
- dihydrofoalte reductase - N5, N10 |
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________ is the most abundant form of folate in the plasma. It is formed in an irreversible reaction.
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- N5 methyl tetrahydrofolate
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You can convert between tetrahydrofolate & N5, N10 methylene folate by donating one carbon from _______ generating ________
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- serine
- glycine |
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How do you get rid of the folate trip (ie stuck in N5 methyltetrahydrofolate)?
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- methionine synthase
- takes N5 --> tetrahydrofolate while generating methionine |
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Methionine is activated by adding ______ to make is S-adenosyl methionine then a variety of __________ can take is to ___________. Which is then hydrolyzed to become ________
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- ADP
- methyl transferases - S-adenosyl homocysteine - homocysteine |
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S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) can donate a methyl to __________ to make _________
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- norepinephrine
- epinephrine |
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______ --> Norepinephrine (via SAM donating methyl & SAM become __________) --> Epinephrine
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- dopamine
- S-adenosyl homocysteine |
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______ is a resevoir for ATP in muscle. It requires _______. It can be phosphorylated. It can spontaneously cyclize into _______
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- Creatine
- SAM - creatinine |
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How is creatine made?
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- arginine + glycine + SAM
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Methionine is regenerated from ________. This reaction regenerates THF (from methyl form) & requires the _____ form of _______. What is unique about this mechanism?
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- homocysteine
- cobalamin - Vit B12 - B12 is methylated first then transferred to homocysteine |
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Methionine can be regenerated using B12 + N5 THF or via _______
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- choline
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_______ is used for cysteine synthesis. What are the steps in this reaction? The first step requires ______.
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- homocysteine
- homocysteine + serine via cystathione synthetase--> cystathione --> alpha ketobutryate & cysteine (via cystahionase) - PLP |
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If methionine is deficient, ______ is also deficient
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- cysteine
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_____ is a major constitute of bile that is made from ______
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- taurine
- cysteine |
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The only way to return the THF in the methyl THF form back to the THF pool is through the ______ dependent ______ reaction. A VitaminB12 deficiency therefore causes a secondary deficiency in_____.
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- Vitamin-B12
- methionine synthase - folate |
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A defect in ______ is the most common cause of high homocysteine levels. Supplementation with _____ can help.
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- cystathione synthetase
- PLP (vit B6) |
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The liver is low in _________. Muscle prefers _______ for fuel. The intestine prefers ______. The kidneys use this for ammonia production via _______
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- BCAA transferases
- BCAAs - glutamine - glutaminase |
