#4----1 To 48 --------------- Flash Cards From Website A & P Chapter 2

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Chemical substance having two or more different elements in fixed ratio.

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compound

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Sugar that contains two units of a monosaccharide;for example, maltose.

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disaccharide

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See deoxyribonucleic acid

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DNA

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Molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group.

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fatty acid

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Blood sugar that is broken down in cells to acquire energy for ATP production.

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glucose

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Genetic defect marked by abnormal hands and feet, slow growth, and mental retardation, due to three copies of chromosome 18.

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Edward syndrome

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Any substance that ionizes and conducts electricity;electrolytes are present in the body fluids and tissues.

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electrolyte

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Breaking of a chemical bond such that ions are released.

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ionize

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The simplest of substances, consisting of only one type of atom (for example, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen).

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element

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Protein catalyst that speeds up a specific reaction or a specific type of reaction.

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enzyme

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Inability to remove cholesterol from the bloodstream;predisposes individual to heart attack.

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familial hypercholesterolemia

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Organic molecule that the body uses for long-term energy storage.

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fat

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Three-carbon molecule that joins with fatty acids to form fat.

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glycerol

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Chemical attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion.

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ionic bond

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Polysaccharide that is the principal storage compound for sugar in animals.

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glycogen

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Abnormally low amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin, due to a lack of iron in the diet.

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iron deficiency anemia

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Group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water-notably, fats, oils, and steroids.

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lipid

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Smallest quantity of a substance that retains its chemical properties.

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molecule

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One of two or more atoms with the same atomic number that differs in the number of neutrons and, therefore, in weight.

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isotope

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Weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen and a partially negative oxygen or nitrogen some distance away, found in proteins and nucleic acids.

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hydrogen bond

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Splitting of a bond by the addition of water.

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hydrolysis

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Elevated blood pressure, particularly the diastolic pressure.

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hypertension

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A charged atom.

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ion

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Simple sugar;a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis.

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monosaccharide

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Large organic molecule found in the nucleus (DNA and RNA) and cytoplasm (RNA).

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nucleic acid

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Bond that joins two amino acids.

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peptide bond

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Measure of the hydrogen ion concentration;any pH below 7 is acidic, and any pH above 7 is basic.

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pH

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Carbohydrate composed of many bonded glucose units-for example, glycogen.

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polysaccharide

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Macromolecule composed of amino acids.

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protein

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Atom whose nucleus undergoes degeneration and in the process gives off radiation.

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radioactive isotope

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Nucleic acid that helps DNA in protein systhesis.

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ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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See ribonucleic acid.

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RNA

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Lipid-soluble, biologically active molecules having four interlocking rings;examples are cholesterol, progesterone, and testosterone.

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steroid

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To build up, such as the combining together of two small molecules to form a larger molecule.

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synthesis

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Solution in which pH is more than 7;a substance that contributes or liberates hydroxide ions in a solution;alkaline;opposite of acid.

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base

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Substance or compound that prevents large changes in the pH of a solution.

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buffer

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1 of 48 Solution in which pH is less than 7;substance that contributes or liberates hydrogen ions in a solution;opposite of base

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acid

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Excessive accumulation of acids in body fluids.

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acidosis

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Molecule used by cells when energy is needed.

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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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Excessive accumulation of bases in body fluids.

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alkalosis

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Unit of protein that takes its name from the fact that it contains an amino group (-NH2){subscript 2}[I cannot figure out how to use subscript] and an acid group (-COOH).

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amino acid

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6 of 48 See adenosine triphosphate.

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ATP

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Organic compounds with the general formula (CH2{subscript 2}0)n1{ss:n1}[I cannot figure out how to make subscript yet] including sugars and glycogen.

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carbohydrate

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Chemical change resulting in the covalent bonding of two monomers with the accompanying loss of a water molecule.

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condensation

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Chemical bond created by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

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covalent bond

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Nucleic acid;the genetic material found in the nucleus of a cell.

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deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)

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Condition characterized by an abnormally large production of urine, due to a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone.

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diabetes insipidus

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Condition characterized by a high blood glucose level and the appearance of glucose in the urine, due to a dificiency of insulin.

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diabetes mellitus

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Substances that accept (react with) hydrogen ions or protons

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Bases

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Substances that yield hydrogen ions or protons in solution.

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Acids

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Definition of "accept" i.e. Substances that accept hydrogen ions or protons.

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react with