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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is the neck of the bladder?
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caudally
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What is the source for arterial blood supply to the bladder?
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caudal vesical artery - branch from the urogenital artery
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What is the venous drainage to the bladder?
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internal pudendal vein
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What lymphatic drain the bladder?
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hypogastric, sublumbar, medial iliac LNs
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What does the pelvic parasympathetic nerves do?
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innervated the detrusor muscle
stimulate contraction |
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What do the hypogastric sympathetic nerves do?
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innervate the bladder neck
stimulates bladder neck tone |
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What does pudendal somatic innervation do?
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innervates striated muscle of the external urethral sphincter (EUS)
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What is the difference in surgical approach between male and female?
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male - peripreputial incision
female - caudal, ventral midline celiotomy |
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What suture is acceptable to use in sterile urine and urine infected with E. coli?
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PDS, polyglyconate (maxon)
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How soon do bladder incisions get their full strength back?
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14-21 days
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What is the most common indication for cystotomy?
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cystic calculi
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What is the percentage that bladder mucosa or stone culture is positive when urine culture is not?
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18.5%
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In dogs, what is the most common neoplasia affecting the urinary tract?
cats? |
bladder neoplasia
renal lymphoma (bladder neoplasia is second) |
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Where is TCC most commonly found in cats and dogs?
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dogs - trigone (junction of urethral orifice)
cats - apex |
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How much of the urinary bladder can be removed without sig. loss of capacity?
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80%
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There is a 50% chance of complications with tube cystostomy. What are the major?
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-inadvertent removal
-patient chewing -breakage of mushroom tip |
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What are indications for a tube cystostomy?
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neoplasia
stricture - that cause obstruction |
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Where is striated muscle located in the urethra of the male dog?
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distal 2/3 of urethra
-smooth muscle is throughout |
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What percentage of the female urethra is connective tissue, smooth muscle, and striated muscle?
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connective tissue - 75%
smooth muscle -10% striated muscle - 10% (in distal 1/3) |
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HAV
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asymptomatic
acute alone (no carriers) Fecal-oral route RNA picornavirus |
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What is the approach to the prostatic urethra?
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-peripreputial incision, caudal ventral midline celiotomy
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What is the approach to the penile urethra?
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perineal, scrotal, prescrotal
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What are the locations for the urethrotomy?
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perineal and prescrotal
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What are indications for a urethrostomy?
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-permanent damage to distal urethral (structure, trauma, neoplasia)
- recurrent stone former -calculi can not be removed via urethrotomy |
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What are indications for a urethrotomy?
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-removal of urethral calculi
-placement of cath -biopsy of obstructive lesions |
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Where are locations for a urethrostomy?
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-prepubic (least desirable)
-perineal -scrotal (most common) -prescrotal |
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Why is a scrotal urethrostomy the best approach?
What must you can permission to do? |
-bigger urethra, superficial, unlikely to get urine scald
-neuter |
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What should you suture together for better apposition with a scrotal urethrostomy?
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- urethral mucosa to dermis/epidermis
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What type of procedure is a prepubic urethrostomy?
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salvage -
when irreparable damage to pelvic or penile urethra OR resection of distal urethra due to neoplasia |
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What are complications to a prepubic urethrostomy?
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-persistent lower urinary tract disease
-urine scald -urinary incontinance |
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What is hypospadia?
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-failure of fusion of the urogenital folds
-incomplete fusion of the penile urethra |
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What type of dogs are predisposed to urethral prolapse?
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young, male, brachycephalic dogs
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When performing a feline perineal urethrostomy, what arteries do you need to be careful of?
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-caudal scrotal artery
-cranial scrotal artery -dorsal artery/vein of the penis |
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What muscles must be properly exposed and elevated from the ischial tuberocity during a feline perineal urethrostomy?
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ischiocavernosus (ICM)
ischiourethralsis (IUM) |
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Why don't you want excessive dissection dorsally when performing a feline perineal urethrostomy?
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to prevent damage to the rectum and pelvic nerves
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How far should you extend your distal to proximal incision of the urethra when performing a feline perineal urethrostomy?
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to the level of the BUG
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When performing a feline perineal urethrostomy, what are the most important sutures to place?
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the first 2-3 sutures pre-placed at the apex
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Post-operative, what should you avoid with a feline perineal urethrostomy?
What is a common complication? uncommon? rare? |
urinary cath
common - hemorrhage (spotting) uncommon - stricture rare - Sub-Q leakage of urine, urinary or fecal incontinance, perineal hernia |
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70% of dogs with ureteral injuries present with what?
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shock or multiple organ injuries
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What is seen on radiography with ureteral injury?
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loss of retroperitoneal detail on radiographs
-definitive diagnosis and site of leakage requires Excretory Urograph |
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Does spontaneous urination and urine on catheterization rule out bladder rupture?
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no
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What is diagnostic of a bladder rupture?
What measurement is not reliable? |
-elevated Cr or K 2:1 in the abdominal fluid when compared to the serum
BUN - due to rapid equilibrium with serum |
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How long can a sterile uroabdomen be tolerated?
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72 hours
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With conservative treatment of a traumatic urethral injury, how long should urine be diverted and why?
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7 days - takes a mucosal injury this long to epithelialize
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