Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the function of the cerebellum?
|
-coordinate voluntary movements
-maintain posture and equilibrium -modulated muscle tone and movement via influences on UMN systems (DOES NOT initiate any movement) |
|
|
Does the cerebellum initiate any movement?
|
no
|
|
|
What types of movements does the cerebellum coordinate?
|
voluntary
|
|
|
What is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem by?
|
three peduncles
-rostral -middle -caudal |
|
|
Where is the cerebellum?
|
dorsal metencephalon
|
|
|
What are 4 main clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction?
- which predominates? |
1 - postural abnormalities
2 - gait disturbances (Predominates) 3 - tremors 4 - vestibular signs |
|
|
What is an example of postural abnormalities with cerebellar dysfunction?
|
-base wide stance
-truncal ataxia -decerebellate posture |
|
|
What is an example of cestibular signs with cerebellar dysfunction?
|
-head tilt
-nystagmus -paradoxical vestibular syndrome |
|
|
What is paradoxical vestibular syndrome?
|
head tilt is contralateral
|
|
|
What is dysmetria?
|
abnormality in the rate, range, or height of the gait (hypo or hypermetria)
|
|
|
What is abiotrophy?
|
pathological dysfunction of organ following normal development
-metabolic defect in a single cell population |
|
|
What is cerebellar abiotrophy?
|
neurologically normal at ambulation with progressive cerebellar dysfunction manifesting later in life
-juvenile or adult onset |
|
|
What is cerebellar abiotrophy/degeneration also associated with?
|
other developmental defects
|
|
|
How do you diagnose cerebellar abiotrophies?
|
-history
-clinical presentation -breed tests (breed specific) -+/- compatible MRI (increase in the hyperintense fluid around the cerebellum) |
|
|
What is the treatment and
|
- none
-poor |
|
|
What is the gross pathology of the cerebellum with cerebellar abiotrophy?
|
-small, reduced weight
-prominent sulci, reduced folia |
|
|
What is the histopath of the cerebellum with cerebellar abiotrophy?
|
-purkinje neuron depletion
-granular layer loss -molecular layer hypocellularity |
|
|
What animals get inherited neurodegenerative disease?
|
dogs - rottweiler
cats |
|
|
When is the on set of inherited neurodegenerative disease?
Is it fast or slow? |
-onset of cerebellar signs less than or equal to 1 year
-slowly progressive over months to years |
|
|
How do you diagnose neuroaxonal dystrophies?
|
all antemortem tests are normal
|
|
|
What is the neuropath of neuroaxonal dystrophies?
|
-no gross lesions
-axonal spheroids in CNS |
|
|
What is the treatment for neuroaxonal dystrophy?
|
treatment - none
prognosis - poor |
|
|
What are axonal spheroids?
|
accumulation of material in axons that prevent normal axonal communication
|
|
|
What is cerebellar hypoplasia?
|
abnormal/incomplete development of organ
|
|
|
When do animals get affected with cerebellar hypoplasia?
|
with in utero or perinatal infections with feline panleukopenia
|
|
|
What occurs with an in utero or perinatal infection with feline panleukopenia?
|
-(acute) non-progressive cerebellar dysfunction evident at the onset of ambulation
-clinical compensation may occur |
|
|
What are the gross and histopath features of cerebellar hypoplasia?
|
- +/- small cerebellum
- destruction and loss of granular layer +/- purkinje layer |
|
|
What is cerebellar hypoplasia?
|
abnormal/incomplete development of organ
|
|
|
What are CS of cerebellar infarction?
|
acute onset of cerebellar or cerebelovestibular dysfunction
-non-progressive after the first 24-36 hours |
|
|
Where do most cerebellar infarctions occur?
|
territory of the rostral cerebellar artery (infarction of hemispheres)
|
|
|
What are risk factors for cerebellar infarction?
|
1 - hypertension
2 - renal disease 3 - hypothyroidism 4 - Cushings Disease 5 - small and spaniel breeds |
|
|
What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
|
functional vascular disease that leads to temporary neurologic dysfunction (<24 hours)
-most clients will think they are seizures |
|
|
When treating cerebellar infarction, what type of tests for risk factors do you screen for?
|
-CBC
-biochem -UA -T4 -blood pressure |
|
|
What is the prognosis of cerebellar infarction?
|
-many animals will improve within 1-2 weeks
-risk for future/recurrent stroke and mortality is high if underlying medical condition present and not managed |
|
|
What is the treatment for cerebellar infarction?
|
--screen for underlying risk factors
-supportive care |
|
|
What is DAIM - disorders of abnormal involuntary movement?
|
abnormal, involuntary skeletal muscle contraction in conscious animal
|
|
|
What can DAIM arise from?
|
disease of skeletal muscle, peripheral nerves or CNS
-many are breed-specific therefore likely genetic |
|
|
What are the vast majority of DAIM classified as?
|
hyperkinetic --> look like tremors
|
|
|
What are the cardinal phenotypic manifestation of DAIM?
|
1 - myotonia,
2 - myokymia/neuromyotonia, 3 - tetany, 4 - myoclonus |
|
|
What is the neuroanatomic generator of observed phenotype with DAIM?
|
skeletal muscle, peripheral nerve, CBS, unknow
|
|
|
What is the phenotype myotonia with DAIM?
|
persistent, sustained muscle contraction with delayed relaxation
|
|
|
What is myotonia caused by?
|
skeletal muscle membrane conductance disorder (sarcolemal chloride conduction problem)
-can be congenital or acquired |
|
|
What is the most important thing you can do with DAIM?
|
recognizing the phenotype
|
|
|
What breeds are predisposed to getting myotonia congenita?
|
chow-chow, minature schnauzer
|
|
|
What are the CS to myotonia congenita and when do they occur?
|
-within the first few months of life
1 - stiff gait that improves with exercise 2 - muscle hypertrophy (tongue, proximal limbs) 3 - percussion dimpling -(evil grin) |
|
|
What causes myotonia congenita and how would you diagnose it?
|
-voltage-gaited myocyte CL channel mutation
-autosomal recessive -myotonic EMG discharge or genetic test |
|
|
What is treatment for myotonia congenita?
|
-avoid extreme cold
-membrane stabilizing agents (procainamide, mexiletine) -regular exercises |
|
|
What are 2 membrane stabilizing agents to use in treating myotonia congenita?
|
-procainamide
-mexiletine |
|
|
What is the prognosis for myotonia congenita?
|
-affected animals can be well adapted
|
|
|
What is the difference between the EMG with acquired myotonia (pseudomyotonia) and congenital?
|
EMG discharge does not wax and wane
-it starts and stops abruptly |
|
|
What is acquired myotonia a result of?
|
complication of hyperadrenocorticims
-poorly responsive to Rx |
|
|
What are the clinical signs to acquired myotonia?
|
similar to congenital
|
|
|
What is myokymia?
|
persistent undulating, wavelike muscle contraction (vermicular)
-doublic or triplic discharges on EMG that are very characteristic -can be focal or generalized -hyperexcitable motor axons |
|
|
What is neuromyotonia?
|
persistent contraction resulting in stiffness or collapse
|
|
|
What breeds is myokymia/neuromyotonia in and what is it caused by?
|
-idiopathic condition in terriers brought about by stress, excitement or prolonged exercise
-continuous muscle fiber activity |
|
|
What is tetany?
|
intermittent state of sustained muscle contractions; usually extensors
|
|
|
What is tetanus?
|
persistent sustained muscle contraction without interpersed periods of relaxation
|
|
|
What is an anomoulous cause of tetany?
|
familial reflex myoclonus of labrador retrievers
|
|
|
What are 2 metabolic causes of tetatus?
|
1 - hypocalcemia
2 - hyomagnesemia |
|
|
What are 2 toxic causes of tetany?
|
1 - C. tentani toxin (tetanus)
2 - strychnine poisoning |
|
|
What are traumatic causes of tetany?
|
rostral cerebellar, midbrain or throacolumbar spinal trauma
|
|
|
What is the phenotype of reflex myoclonus of the pediatric?
|
tetany
|
|
|
What are CS of reflex myoclonus of the lab?
|
-limb and facial tetany/grimacing
-opisthotonus -exacerbated by stimuli |
|
|
What is the probable cause of reflex myoclonus of the lab?
|
reduced spinal cord glycine receptors (inhibitory)
|
|
|
What is the treatment and prognosis for reflex myoclonus of the lab?
|
poor
|
|
|
What phenotype does C. tetani exotocin have?
|
tetanus
|
|
|
What causes tetanus with C. tetani?
|
-an exotoxin gotten during wound contamination
|
|
|
What are CS of tetanus?
|
focal or generalized
1 - trismus 2 - risus sardonicus (evil grin) 3 - extensor regidity of one limb 4 - generalized tetanic extensor rigidity 5 - signs exacerbated by stimulation |
|
|
In tetanus, what does the tetanospasmin toxin do?
|
antagonist to CNS inhibitory interneurons (Renshaw cells)
-glycine and GABA |
|
|
What is the treatment for tetanus?
|
-debride the wound
-antitoxin -metronidazole/penicillin -supportive care |
|
|
What 2 drugs would you use with tetanus?
|
-metronidazole > penicillin
|
|
|
What is the prognosis for tetanus?
|
-good
-recovery in a few weeks |
|
|
What does strychnine do?
|
CNS glycine antagoinist )prevents neuroinhibitory neurotransmission)
-tetany and seizures |
|
|
What is the treatment for strychinine intoxication?
|
1 - gastric decontamination
2 - diuresis 3 - anticonvulsants 4 - supportive care |
|
|
What is myoclonus?
|
sudden contraction of muscle group followed by immediate relaxation
-tremors |
|
|
What is the difference between sporadic and repetitive tremors
|
sporadic are often a manifestation of seizures
repetative tremors are characterized as either: (1) resting/postural, (2) action related or (3) persistent/constant |
|
|
When do repetitive action related tremors occur?
|
during voluntary muscle contraction
|
|
|
Do constant repetitive tremors occur during sleep?
|
yes
|
|
|
Diffuse, action-related myoclonus is due to disorders of what?
|
myelin
-acquired = demyelination - congenital = hypomyelination |
|
|
Which limbs are usually worse with diffuse, action-related myoclonus?
|
pelvic limbs
|
|
|
What is the prognosis with diffuse, action-related myoclonus?
|
variable
-signs may improve or resolve with maturity in some breeds |
|
|
What is steroid - responsive tremor syndrome?
|
-aquired immune attach against the CNS
-neuro exam is normal |
|
|
What is the onset and breed of steroid-responsive tremor syndrome?
|
acute
-middle-ages, small and toy -White Shakers DIsease |
|
|
What is the treatment and prognosis of diffuse, action related myoclonus?
|
prednisone PO for several weeks then tappered
-excellent, although relapses are possible |
|
|
What breeds often get "head bobbers and shakers" - episodic postural repetitive tremor of the head and neck?
|
-Doberman
-Bulldog -Boxer -Boston Terrier |
|
|
What are CS to head bobbers and shakers?
|
-unpredictable intermittent episodes
-horizontal or vertical movements -non-progressive with no other neuro signs |
|
|
What is the treatment of head bobbers and shakers?
|
anticonvulsants - variable response
|
|
|
When does postural repetitive tremor of pelvic limbs occur?
What animals and where? |
-only at rest while standing
- gereatric confined to pelvic limbs |
|
|
What is another name for postural repetative tremor of pelvic limb?
|
benign, repetative tremor
|
|
|
What must you first exclude when trying to diagnose benign, geriatric essential tremor?
Once diagnosed, do you need to treat this condition? |
painful orthopedic diseases of pelvic limbs and lumbar spine
no |
