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156 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is stomatitis?
inflammation of the oral mucosa
What are clinical signs to stomatitis?
-decreased appetite
- increased salivation
- abnormal chewing behavior, dysphagia
- necrotic odor (if bacterial involvement)
- vesicles, erosions, and ulcers
What other diseases may present with ptyalism, other than stomatitis?
rabies, listeria, botulism as a result of improper swallowing
What are the 3 main causes of stomatis?
1 - chemical
2 - physical
3 - infectious
What are the 2 chemical causes of stomatiis?
1. caustic materials - calcium cholride for treatment of milk fever, foot baths, chemicals in the env.
2. uremia- secreted in saliva
What are physical causes of stomatiis?
ingestion of course feed, plants, forceful administration of medication
What are the foreign animal diseases that cause stomatis?

What do you do if you suspect that you found an animal with this?
Foot and Mouth
Rinderpest
Vesicular Exanthema of swine
Vesicular stomatitis
-all swine vesicular diseases

- report to the state vet
What are the non-reportable diseases that cause stomatits?
Malignant Catarrhal Fever - Ovine Herpes
Bluetongue
Bovine Papular Stomatitis
Orf
BVD
What is the agent that causes wooden tongue?

Where does it normally live?

What is needed for infection to occur?
Actinobacillus lignieresii

-in the rumen and mouth

- breaks in the oral mucosa (course feeds, grass awns, thistles)
What general CS might you see to make you suspect wooden tongue?
-inability to prehend food, excess salivation, tongue may protrude from the mouth
-base of tongue is hard, painful and nodular and may affect the shaft of the tongue
-enlarged LNs
What lesions may you see specifically in SR with wooden tongue?
granulomatous lesions on the lips, nose, and face
Nodular lesions in cases of woody tongue may be ulcerated and contain yellow white pus - if you crush that what will you see on a slide?
sulfur granules - gram negative rods
What are treatment options for woody tongue?
-IV 10-20% sodium iodide solution (repeated in 7-10 days)
- sulfas and tetracycline
What is a side effect to treating woody tongue with sodium iodide?
dandruff, excessive tearing, coughing, inappetance, diarrhea
What is the prognosis for woody tongue?
good if the tongue softens within 48 hours of treatment
What is the treatment for lumpy jaw?
-sodium iodide
-penicillin
-flush and currette draining tracts
-treatment will stop further destruction of the area, but the lesion will not be reduced in size
What is the agent of lumpy jaw?
actinomyces bovis
-gram positive bacterium
What are the CS of Lumpy Jaw?
osteomyelitis of the mandible, possibly the maxilla
-hard, swollen jaw and associated lymph node enlargement with or without fistulous tracts
-pus has yellow granules
What are the treatments for traumatic pharyngitis?
penicillin BID
NSAIDs - banamine, asprin
What are causes of intraluminal choke (esophageal obstruction)?
-foreign bodies - apples, pears, ect.
-boluses of dry grain, esp small ruminants and horses
What are extraluminal causes of choke?
-cellulitis from injections
-abcesses
-enlarged mediastinal LNs
-tumors
-pneumonia
-Hypoderma lineatum larvae (bots, warbles)
-constriction from previous episode of choke
Is choke an emergency?
usually - depending on the degree of bloat
What are the CS to choke?
-increased salivation and attempts to swallow
-may throw head from side to side to dislodge mass
-stagger due to anoxia from bloat (horses don't)
-bloat
Where do things normally get stuck in the esophagus of a cow?
-post paryngeal area
-thoracic inlet
-base of the heart
What biochemical changes will an animal with choke have?
acidotic and dehydrated because of loss of bicarb (increased salivation)

-hypo Na and K
What is the difference between cow and horse bloat?
- horse - they look like they are vomiting --> either choke or rupture stomach (if sick it is a ruptured stomach, if not sick, has choke)

-cow --> bloats
What are some methods for removing an object that is causing choke?
-sedation (xylazine)
-manually
- push it into the stomach with a tube
-try to fish it out with a piece of wire
-rumenotomy and pass a wire up
-trocarize the rumen, sedate and give 24 hours to resolve on its own
After resolving choke, what do you do?
-antibiotics to prevent aspiration pneumonia
-NSAIDS
- Fluids as needed
feed a soft diet
What is the prognosis for choke?
good unless damaged esophageal mucosa, guarded for the first 24 hours past choke
What are the agents that cause liver abcesses in ruminants?
Fusobacterium necrophorum (80% of the time) --> anarobe that is always in the rumen

Arcanobacterium (actinomyces) pyogenes --> gram positive, filamentous, branching rod
When are most liver abscesses diagnosed?
at the slaughter house - results in condemnation of the liver
What percentage of feedlot cattle have liver abscesses?
24-30% resulting in 3-8% decreased rate of gain
What are liver abscesses due to?
high carb, low fiber diets
-rumen insults (rumen acidosis and grain overload) --> bacteria enter the portal vessels --> bacteria are filtered out in the liver and result in abcess formation
-also naval infections (omphalitis) and traumatic hepatitis
What are clinical Signs in animals with liver abscesses?
not apparent in most animals
-weight loss, decreased weight gain, decreased milk production (subtle)
-fever, anorexia
- painful when walking, lying down, or pressure over right posterior rib - esp when layign down
If a liver abscess ruptures into a vessel causing thrombosis in the caudal venal cava, what CS will you see?
diarrhea and ascites
Caudal Venal Thrombosis is caused by what?
rupture of a liver abcess
-causes sudeen death from septic or anaphylactic shock
If there is not immediate death with caudal venal thrombosis, what CS will you see?
dyspnea and open mouth breathing
pulmonary vessel rupture and epistaxis
What is the clin path data for liver abcess show?
neutrophilia and lypmhosites with a neutriphil shift
hyperfibrinogenemia
GGT ans AST levels increased if active
What is the treatment for liver abcess?
long term treatment (3-4 weeks) with penicillin
How do you prevent liver abscesses?
gradually increase grain over 3-4 weeks
antibiotics in feed (tylosin)
roughage should make up at least 45R%
long stem hay
naval dipping
What do rumen contraction sequences depend on?
motor nerve activation from the medulla oblongata down through the vagus nerves

-low or high threshold receptors within the rumen that either stimulate or inhibit contractions
What is the main population of the rumen?

How long does adaptation of these flora take?
anerobes and gram neg

one week
What is the pH of the rumen?

What is the cloride concentration?
6-7 on fiber
5.5-6.5 on grain diet

<30mEq/L
How many contraction cycles does a cow have?
Primary (1-3 per minute): result in mixing of ingesta and increased contact with the rumen wall so VFAs can be absorbed, and stratification

Secondary: starts in the caudal blind sac and runs cranially across the dorsal rumen pushing the gas cap into the cardia region
What are the two types of boat (ruminal tympany)?
1 - frothy bloat - diets that lead to froth formation
2 - free gas - excessive gas production and lowered pH results in decreased rumen motility and eructation OR failure to eructate from extrarumenal causes
What happens when low threshold stretch receptors are stimulated in a cow?

high?
low - cyclic forestomach contractions


high - inhibit contractions
What are predisposing factors to frothy bloat?
-diets of lush legumes or feeding of alfalfa hay
-animals turned out on lush pasture
-high concentrate grain diets because of small particle size and bacteria that produce a mucoprotein slime (more common with low ph)
What does frothy ruminal fluid contain?
higher in chloroplast membrane fragments, soluble protein and fine particles compared to nonfrothy ruminal fluid
Feed lot cattle are more likely to get free-gas bloat. Why?
they consume more concentrates than they are used to resulting in increased VFAs and a pH drop below 5.3, producing lactic acid
-this combo results in inhibition of cylcic contractions and decreased eructation
-high threshold receptors are activated
Other than excess concentrated, what other condition can lead to free-gas bloat?
hypocalcemia - muscle weakness and decreased contractions
Free gas bloat can also be caused by extrarumenal causes: causes other than excess concentrates and hypocalcemia - what are they?
choke
postural bloat - downed cow - cardia is below the luminal gas cap
What are CS of bloat?
-distension of left paralumbar fossa above rib and tuber coxae
- distention may cause the animal to bulge on the right too
-signs of colic, frequently getting up and down, stretching neck and back legs
- open mouth breathing, cyanosis, and death
Is bloat an emergency?
yes!
What would you tell an owner to do in a cow that has bloat to increase salivation?
put a gag in the mouth
What would you tell an owner to do in a cow that has bloat until you get there?
-place in sternal recumbency if down
-keep animal moving
-pass garden hose
-raise front end to reduce pressure
-drench with 1 T of soap and 1qt of water
-trocarize rumen - last resort
How do you tell the difference between free gas bloat and frothy bloat?
pass stomach tube
- free gas bloat --> gas will come out
-frothy bloat - no gas relief; apply suction
What do you administer to relieve frothy bloat?

If the animal is in respiratory distress, what should you o?
-poloxalene
-mineral oil
-dish soap

-place trocar in the left paralumbar fossa
-emergency rumenotomy
What should you do if an extraluminal obstruction is causing the bloat?
-rumenotomy and suture rumen wall to the skin leaving a fistula (will heal in 4-6 weeks)
-place a trocar in the rumen and leave in place for a month
What do you use to treat rumen acidosis if rumen ph is below 5.5 with bloat?
sodium bicarb or magnesium hydroxide
How do you prevent bloat?
-introduce animals to lush pastures slowly
-feed dry hay prior to turning out on pasture
-poloxalene blocks (only frothy bloat)
-feed ionophores to modify bacteria so they produce less gas and slime
In what animals is hardware disease more common?

What time is it normally seen?
dairy cows


-after calving - breakdown of adhesions
- late pregnancy - increased abdominal pressure during calving and fetus pushes everything forward
What are the acute clinical signs with TRP?
-dairy - acute drop in milk and acute anorexia
-fever, anorexia, decreased or absent rumen contractions, tachycardia
-pain - grunts, stands with arched back and abducted elbows
- regurg of food
-acute death
Why might there be acute death with TPR?
coronary artery penetration/pentratin thru the heart wall and hemorrhage
What are the chronic signs with TRP?
-fever +/-
-ADR
-weight loss, rough hair coat, lameness - really an abnormal gait
-number one rule out in a beef cow that is ADR
How can you tell if the pericardial sac is involved on a cow with TRP?
heart sounds are muffled or hear a washing machine because of fluid gas interface
-signs of CHF - distended jugulars, edema
What are the main diagnostic methods for diagnosing TRP?
-grunt test (withers or xiphoid)
- abdominocentesis - peritonitis
-rads
-explore
What are clincal path signs of TRP?
WBCs, fibrinogen is higher than 500 (biggest)
-globulin may be elevated (plasma proteins)
What are treatments for TRP?
-acute and painful --> rumenotomy and removal
- conservative --> magnet, antibiotics (PPG), confine and elevate
-transfaunation
How do you prevent TRP?
administer magnet after 6-8 months
-clean environment
-put magnets on feed handeling equip,
What is the most common sequela of abrupt feed change?
simple indegestion
-like in changes in phases of production or eat the afterbirth
What feed is most commonly associated with simple indigestion?
-moldy or overheated feeds
- frosted forages
-partially fermented or spoiled silage
-too much grain
-eat the after birth
Is simple indigestion an emergency?
no - mild and self limiting
-acute condition and often return to feed without treament
When will a cow with simple indigestion get diarrhea?
24 hours after going off feed
Are all animals affected with simple indigestion?
no - they are different
What are the main CS to simple indigestion?
complete or partial anorexia for 1-2 days, decreased rumen motility with gas pings
What is the treatment for simple indigestion?
-usually just wait to see what happens
-oral fluids
-transfaunation (at least 3 Ls for a cow, with 8-16 being desirable -- 1 L for sheep and calves)
Overconsumption of highly fermentable feeds causes an increased population of what?

-what do these bacteria produce and cause?
-Step bovis
-make lactic acid
-lactic acid and VFAs reduce rumen pH to below 5 and rumen osmolality increases causing fluid to enter the rumen
As a result of lactic acidosis in the rumen, what dies off?
protozoa and gram neg bacteria --> endotoxic crisis

-lactobacilli continue to grow
Both D and L lactate are produced in the rumen as a result of grain overload - which is absorbed in the bload?
D
Rumen Osmolality increases in cases of bloat - what does this lead to?
increased rumen volume, distention, dehydration --> circulatory impairment, decreased renal blood flow and GFR resulting in anuria --> poor peripheral perfusion --> hypoxic metabolism --> increases systemic acidosis
What might lactate cause in cases of grain overload?
sloughing of rumen lining --> fungal rumenitis and liver abcesses
How do you diagnose grain overload?
-history
-tap rumen - ph less than 5
-dead protozoa
What are CS of grain overload?
acute depression and death
atonic, bloated rumen that is sloshy
dehydration
elevated heart and breath sounds
difficulty walking/recumbent
diarrhea if live long enough
What is the best thing for RECOVERY of an animal with grain overload?
transfaunate
-put on fiber diet
What treatments would you give a cow with grain overload?
1 - alkalinizing fluids (sodium bicarb IV)
2 - empty rumen via Kingman tube or rumenotomy if early
3 - systemic penicillin (or oral to kill lactobaciilus)
4 - magnesium hydroxide to neutralize acid
5 - mineral oil to decrease absorption and speed passage
6 - NSAIDs
7 - thiabendazole to control mycotic rumenitis
8 - B vitamins
9 - transfaunate
Why are the following given in the case of grain overload?

-magnesium hydroxide
-thiabendazole
-tylosin
- neutralize acid

- prevent mycotic rumenitis

-to prevent liver abcesses
Do you ever see an outbreak of vagal indigestion?

When is it often seen?
no

-late pregnancy
What is vagal indigestion caused by?
-progressive rumen distention caused by hindered passage of ingesta from the reticulorumen and or abomasum
What lesions are often associated with vagal indigestion?
-inflammation of the mediastinal lymph nodes
- severe pneumonia, chronic
-traumatic reticuloperitoniits
-anything that would result in pleuritis or peritonitis
-abomasal not contracting properly
-rumen or abomasum outflow problems
What is the classic shape of an animal with vagal indigestion?
Papple shape
-left dorsal paralumbar fossa (mild bloat)
-right distention, ventral, of the rumen/abomasum due to build up of ingesta and fluid
What are the CS of vagal indigestion?
-papple shape
-decreased fecal output (scant and mucous)
- dehydration (fluid trapped in rumen)
- anorexia
-30% of animals will have bradycardia (vagal influence)
-weight loss
What are the 2 syndromes of vagal indigestion?

Which is more common
1- omasal transport failure - MORE COMMON
2 - pyloric outflow failure
What is the main cause of omasal transport failure?
hypermotility
contractions not rhythmic - outflow is disrupted
-these secondary contractions do not produce effective churning of food stuffs
With omasal transport failure, there is disruption of normal ingesta flow. What does this lead to?
-large particle passage of feces with increased fiber length and greasy or pasty consistency
Where does fluid accumulate with pyloric outflow failure?
omasum and abomasum
Rumen choloride content increases with pyloric outflow failure due to what?

>than 30 meq/I
internal vomiting
What biochem changes occur as a result of decreaed outflow to the SI?
-hypochloremia
-metabolic alkalosis
What are predisposing factors to pyloric outflow obstruction?
-abomasal volvulus
-displacements
-corrections of these conditions
- late pregnancy
What is treatment of vagal indigestion?
-IV fluids (most likely will be alkalotic)
-treat primary problem with antibiotics, NSAIDs, surgery to remove FB
- rumenotomy to relieve distension
-transfaunation
-rumen fistula
-limit feed intake, feed should be high in digestible fiber
-abortion/C section
What is the prognosis for vagal indigestion?
poor
What postparturient diseases are associated with a displaced abomasum?

When?

Why?
ketosis, hypocalcemia, mastitis, metritis

-usually within the first 2 weeks postpartum

-result in decreased abomasal contractility
Other than postparturient cows, what else predisposes an animal to getting displaced abomasums?
-cattle on high grain diets with no transiton
- high producing dairy cows on the second or greater lactation
- deep chested cows
With an LDA, does the ping extend much into the paralumbar fossa?
no
What puts cows at an increased risk during prepartum and postpartum of a displacement?
NEFA - non-esterified fatty acids

BHBA - beta hydroxy butyric acid

- they increase the breakdown of fat
-due to inadequate intake or energy demands of the fetus or milk production
What causes abomasal atony (a factor leading to displacement)?

What 2 other factors lead to displacement?
-increased VFAs, hypocalcemia, effect of endotoxins

1 - gas accumulation in abomasum
2 - abomasum floats to left or right and gets trapped
Which side does the abomasum displace most of the time?
to the left

right (10%)
What CS of abomasal displacement will you see by simply observing the cow?
-anorexia, lack of cud chewing
-acetone on the breath (ketonuria)
-last 2 ribs are sprung
What is the rumen doing with a displaced abomasum?
motility is decreased, rumen is pulled away from the lateral abdominal wall - paralumbar fossa is deep
What will you hear on ausculation in an animal with displaced abomasum?
-gurgling or tinkling sound, rather than rumen scratches (high pitches water dripping from a well)
-tiny sounding ping between the tuber coxae and the elbow (from the lower third of the abdomen at the level of the 8th intercostal space back to the paralumbar fossa, slightly beyond the last rib)
What test can you use to test for displaced abomasum?
Lipak Test
- put 6 inch needle below the area of the ping and test pH of the fluid
-abomasal pH (2-4)
-rumen pH (5.5-8)
Will a cow with displaced abomasum poop a lot?
no - scant with diarrhea
What is the biochem status of a cow with a displaced abomasum?
paradoxical aciduria
-cow is alkalotic, but urine pH is is acidic

- H ions are secreted because animal is hypokalemic and must still conserve Na ions because of the dehydration, reduced CO and reduced BP

-hypo: Cl, K, Ca
What are the differences in CS between displaced abomasum and a right torsed abomasum?
right torsed:
-shock - decreased CRT, cool extremities, HR 100+
-ill and dehydrated
-abdominal distension and borborygmi are absent
-pain
How do you diagnose a floating DA?
cow has some of the CS of DA, but no ping
-often diagnose by exclusion
-signs come and go
-scenario when a cow is trucked in for a DA surgery and then can't find the ping
Which side displacement can be fixed by the non-surgical method?
left
How do you repair a LDA non-surgically?
lay cow in right lateral recumbency and roll her to the left side
What are the 4 surgical methods to fix an DA and what is each used for?
1 - roll, tack, toggle -> LDA ONLY
2 - right flank omentopexy ---> ALL
3 - right paramedium abomasopexy --> Right torsion
4 - left flank abomasopaxy - LDA
What is the gist to the roll, tack, toggle method?
-set in right later recumbency, pull on back
-punch trocar thru abomasum (hear gas release), put another trocar in and tie together
-turn cow on left and stand her up
What will the gas smell like in a DA once you release the gas in the abomasum on a roll, tack, toggle?
-burnt almonds or rancid butter
Where do you enter for a right flank omentopexy?

-once you enter this location, what do you do?
right paralumbar fossa

-stick a needle in the abomasum and remove gas and push it down
-at the level of the pylorus, suture the omentum into the first layer of the body wall closure
What is a disadvantage to using the right flank omentopexy?
if adhesions are on the left, can't break down from the right side, so must first perform a left sided apprach to break down adhesions
What position is the cow in for a right paramedian abomasopexy?
on back - incision is made near the midline caudal to the sternum
What are disadvantages to using a right paramedian abomasopexy?
need to lay cow down, possible dehiscense
What is a advantage to the left lank abomasopexy?
can see abomasum and be sure of placement of sutures
-can break adhesions is needed
What are disadvantages to a left flank abomasopexy?
-need long arms to place sutures
-may tear abomasum while placing sutures
What is the advantage of a right flank omentompexy?
can fix all 3 DAs
What type of oral drench should you give cows with a DA?
10gals of water with salt
-also Calcium proprionate
-probiotics
When are IV fluids needed with a DA?

What type?
RTA and maybe RDA

saline
-don't use alkalinizing agents because most cows are alkalotic unless there is a RTA (in case may be acidotic)
If a cow is ketotic after a DA, what should you give?
glucose precursors orally and 50% dextrose IV
Abomasal atony and diarrhea may occur after fixing a DA - what are these signs of?
bloat and vagal indigestion
What is the prognosis for animals with diarrhea before fixing a DA?
poor
What steps can you take to prevent DAs?
1 - decrease post-partum diseases
2 - prevent hypocalcemia
3 - increase fiber, reduce grain
4 - transition cattle when feeding grain
5 - introduce cattle to concentrates slowly
What time of year is bovine abomasal impaction normally seen?

-what other diseases may it result from?
- in the winter when cattle on poor feed

- vagal indigestion and hardware disease
-mechanical obstruction (lymphoma)
What are CS to abomasal impaction?
anorexia and depression
abdominal distension in the lower right abdomen
decreased fecal output
rumen chloride is elevated (vagal indigestion/hardware disease)
What is the treatment for bovine impaction?
cathartics and lubricants - DSS or mineral oil
What is the prognosis for abomsal ulcer?
poor
What animals is abomasal ulcer seen in?
1 - high producing dairy cows in early lactation
associated with stress - (calving, lactation) and high grain diets
2 - calves
Calves can get abomsal ulcers - why is this?
at the time they start eating solid food
-copper def.
-calves on milk for a long time (veal)
Other than being a high producing dairy cow and a calf, what other things can predispose an animal to abomsal ulcers?
NSAIDS
lymphosarcoma of the abomasum
What are classical signs of abomasal ulcers?
melena, dark tarry feces
anemia
What is the treatment for abomasal ulcers?
-change diet to more forage
-treat for peritonitis --> antibiotics and fluids
- blood transfusion if really anemic
-antacids and protectants DONT WORK
How do you diagnose abomasal ulcers?
fecal ocult blood along with other signs
grunt test
What animals is hemorrhagic bowel syndrome mostly recognized?
dairy cattle in early lactation (in the first 100 days)
What is bloody gut assoicated with?
overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens type A
-Aspergillus fumigatus
-high protein and energy content, reduced fiber
What are the typical lesions associated with bloody gut?
-segmental or multifocal hemorrhage within the SI, primarily the jejunum, occasionally the ileum and duodenum
- distended and purple to red discoloration due to intraluminal blood clots
- gas accumulation orad to the clots
What are CS to bloody gut?
-cows are dying due to sudden hemorrhage
-increased HR/RR
-pale MM
-shock - low temps
-abdominal distension in the right lower side (low pitched pings)
- reduced fecal output/colic
What treatments are used for bloody gut?
-hard to treat
-NSAIDS, fluids, antibiotics
- surgery to break down clots and relive blockage
- resection of gut
What is the most common cause of complete abdominal obstrcution in the cow and what is a predisposing factor in adults catltle?
intussusception (mid to distal jejunum is most common)

-lymphoma
What are CS of intussusception?
sudden pain
depression/anoxia
-slow distention of abdomen over several days
dehydration
Where will you hear a ping if an cow has a small intestinal volvulus?
right paralumbar fossa
What is the cause of cecal dilation and torsion?
high grain diets

- same as for DA
What day do you not want to palpate for fear of causing atresia ani?
day 42
What is the diagnosis for:

-atresia ani
-atresia recti
-atresia coli
-atresia ani = observation
-atresia recti = rectal digital palpation
-atresia coli = lesion is in the area of the spiral colon, so lack of feces and distension

-perform enema an see if fecal material is produced
What are predisposing factors to rectal prolapse in ruminants and swine?
-pneumonia and coughing
-straining: coccidiosis, rectal tears, rabies, collitis
-sheep - closely docked tail
-finely ground feed and ruminant diets high in grain
-vaginal or uterine prolapse
-piling of pigs when cold
Why would you use iodine in the perirectal area in cases of rectal prolapse?
to enhance scar tissue formation
What breed of cattle are predisposed to fat necrosis?
jersey and gurnsey - channel island

-also cattle on fescue