3Rd Year - Fams Ii - Exam 1 - Epi

Front 1

off-premises sources of data

Back 1

practice database, diagnostic labs, dairy/packing plant, feed supply, drug supply

Front 2

on-premises sources of data

Back 2

record system, interview, collected by DVM

Front 3

2 types of data

Back 3

descriptive, quantitative

Front 4

T/F: Collecting data is valuable no matter what

Back 4

Collecting data that are NOT used is a WASTE of time, effort, money, and you will lose the farmer's cooperation!

Front 5

Costs of data sampling

Back 5

collection supplies, labor, shipping, diagnostic work-up, results

Front 6

3 costly things concerning data

Back 6

sampling, absent/insufficient, inaccurate

Front 7

3 goals of data collection

Back 7

moitor/review of health-related activities, problem/outbreak investigation, decision-making

Front 8

6 areas of decision-making that are data dependent

Back 8

about individual animals, groups, monitoring, herd investigation, food safety & quality, research

Front 9

6 processes involved in data recording

Back 9

data collection & entry, management & storage, analysis & evaluation

Front 10

What is an outbreak per the OIE?

Back 10

an identified occurrence of disease involving one or more animals in an agricultural establishment, breeding establishment or premises, including all buildings and adjoining premises where animals are present.

Front 11

10 steps of outbreak investigations

Back 11

Establish/verify diagnosis and presence of outbreak/performance problem, define a case, determine magnitude, temporal patterns, spatial patterns, animal patterns, analyze data, develop working hypothesis, test hypothesis, report

Front 12

Types of sampling

Back 12

Non-random, random

Front 13

2 types of non-random sampling

Back 13

convenience, purposive

Front 14

5 types of random sampling

Back 14

simple, systemic, stratified, cluster, multistage

Front 15

risk =

Back 15

cumulative incidence, incidence risk

Front 16

risk difference =

Back 16

attributable risk = risk for animals with a particular factor minus risk for animals without that factor

Front 17

no attributable risk =

Back 17

0

Front 18

risk ratio =

Back 18

relative risk = risk for animals with a factor ÷ risk for animals without that factor

Front 19

no relative risk =

Back 19

1

Front 20

6 questions concerning outbreak investigations

Back 20

Who has the problem? What is the problem? What is the source/cause of the problem? Can we do something about it? Can we prevent it?

Front 21

incidence risk =

Back 21

how likely it is that animals on that farm will be affected

Front 22

What is the validity of the sampling theory based on?

Back 22

the assumption that an aggregate of units can be divided into representative subunits, and that characteristics of the aggregate can be estimated from the subunits.

Front 23

What must a case definition do?

Back 23

Exclude non-cases

Front 24

What does the magnitude of an outbreak/problem describe?

Back 24

Attack risk or production loss, compared to expected assuming all other factors remain constant.

Front 25

How is the magnitude of a problem/outbreak determined?

Back 25

Prevalence of disease, incidence risk

Front 26

prevalence =

Back 26

how much?

Front 27

temporal patterns that may affect a problem/outbreak

Back 27

epidemic curve, season, climate factors, changes in management, additions to herd/flock/kennel, nutritional changes, pesticide spray, etc.

Front 28

spacial patterns that affect a problem/outbreak

Back 28

where, direction of spread, physical barriers

Front 29

Animal patterns that affect a problem/outbreak

Back 29

animal-related determinants, potential for exposure, groups

Front 30

examples of animal-related determinants

Back 30

breed, gender, age, usage, origin, color, body weight

Front 31

What can an epidemic curve help with?

Back 31

Determine when exposure occurred

Front 32

What does the working hypothesis include?

Back 32

A probable cause and a plan of what to do about it.

Front 33

How do you test your working hypothesis?

Back 33

Try removing the cause

Front 34

7 items included in report of an outbreak/problem

Back 34

complete description, data analysis, medical record, veterinarian-client-(patient) relationship, conclusions, recommendations, legal concerns

Front 35

gold standard test =

Back 35

valid criterion by which to determine an animal's true health status

Front 36

What is the goal of testing?

Back 36

to discriminate between differentials

Front 37

Sensitivity =

Back 37

the probability that a truly diseased animal will be classified as 'diseased.'

Front 38

What does the sensitivity of a test depend on?

Back 38

The ability of a test to detect disease among animals that actually have the disease

Front 39

High sensitivity =

Back 39

low number of false-positives

Front 40

Specificity =

Back 40

the probability that a truly non-diseased animal will be classified as non-diseased

Front 41

What does the specificity of a test depend on?

Back 41

The ability of a test to correctly identify animals w/o the disease among andimals that do not actually have the disease

Front 42

predictive value positive =

Back 42

proportion of animals that test positive, which actually have the disease

Front 43

predictive value negative =

Back 43

proportion of animals that test negative, which do not actually have the disease

Front 44

herd level sensitivity =

Back 44

probability that a truly diseased/infected herd will be classified as such

Front 45

herd level specificity =

Back 45

probability that a truly non-diseased/non-infected herd will be classified as such

Front 46

4 things that may affect tests characteristics as the herd level

Back 46

decision thresholds (cut-off, critical #), number of animals tested, true prevalence w/in the herd, pooled samples

Front 47

Effect of prevalence on predictive value

Back 47

???look up - graph stuff

Front 48

attributable fraction =

Back 48

risk difference ÷ risk for animals with that factor