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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do D. cells in the Islets produce?
F or PP cells? |
somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide |
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What inhibits glucagon?
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increasing blood glucose
-B cell paracrine function (GABA) turns off glucagon -with DM,type I, glucagon is increased |
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Following post-absorption, glucagon increases, because insulin drops and blood glucose drops. What are the functions of glucagon?
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-glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid mobilization
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What happens with prolonged fasting and DM?
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-insulin secretion in minimal
-glucagon secretion is increased -fatty acid mobilization --> most converted in liver to ketones |
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What is the immediate response to hypoglycemia?
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glucagon and epinephrine release
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What is a slower resposne to hypoglycemia?
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-increase cortisol
-increase secretion of GH |
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What is considered hypoglycemic?
What do CS depend on? |
< 50-60 mg/dl
-rate of drop and animal's adaptation |
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Hypoglycemia can be an artifact of sample handling. How much is glucose metabolized?
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10%/hour
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What are reasons for increased glucose usage in the body?
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insulinoma
large tumors |
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What are reasons for reduced glucose production in the body?
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-severe hepatic disease
-transient juvenile hypoglycemia -hypoadrenocorticism |
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What causes both increased usage and decreased production of glucose?
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-sepsis
-hunting dog hypoglycemia |
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What is a result of severe, prolonged hypoglycemia?
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cerebral edema and damage
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What are CS caused by with hypoglycemia?
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-neuroglycopenia
-sympathetic stimulation (tachycardia, nervous, trembling, panting) |
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What is the mean age of animals that get insulinomas? What is M/F breakdown?
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Males - 45%
Females - 55% |
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Why might an animal with insulinomas have GI signs such as vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, ect.?
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production of peptides by the tumor (such as gastrin)
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What are common clinical signs of insulinomas?
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- episodic
-seizures |
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What is an insulinoma - benign or malignant?
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malignant
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When you take a insulin/glucose level when hypoglycemic, what would you expect to see with an insulinoma?
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low blood glucose with high insulin
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What is the average survival with surgery and medical management of insulinoma?
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10-14 months
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In what breeds and ages does transient juvenile hypoglycemia occur in?
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miniature and toy breeds
age - 6 weeks to 6 months |
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Why do animals with juvenile hypoglycemia need small, frequent meals?
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-high glucose need
-immature gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic systems -small muscle mass and fat stores |
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What CS are less severe in animals with juvenile hypoglycemia?
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sympathetic stimulation
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What is the immediate treatment for juvenile hypoglycemia?
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-1-2 ml/kg 50% glucose diluted to 25%
-glucose 50% rubbed on buccal mucosa -Intramedullary glucose -continuous IV infusion of 10% glucose -treat cerebral edema is continued seizures (mannitol, oxygen, PB) |
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Why is hyperglycemia worsened by Type I DM?
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hyperglucoagonemia
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Why are fatty acids mobilized with DM?
What does this lead to? |
-lack of insulin
-cells are starving for energy -leads to liver met. of fatty acids and ketoacidosis |
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Why is there Na and K loss with DM?
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from diuresis
-osmotic due to gluose that is lost and ketoacids |
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DM causes weight loss despite?
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polyphagia
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What are examples of short, intermediate and long duration insulins?
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short - regular, semilente
intermediate - NPH, lente long - PZI, glarginine |
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What is the origin of lente and vetsulin?
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pure pork
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What is the origin of NPH, Reg, and PZI?
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recombinant human
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What are insulin analogs?
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glargine, detemir, lispro
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What dogs have the highest percentage of DM?
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intact females (64-77%) - most are greater than 7
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What are secondary causes of DM?
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-hyperadrenocortism
-hypersomatotropism -progesterone therapy -pregnancy - from progesteroin (GH creates insulin resistance) |
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What are the key diagnostic values for DM?
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-hyperglycemia > 300 mg/dl
- glycosuria - ketonuria (75-85%) - fasting lipemia |
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Why might you want to culture for DM?
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many have inapparent UTIs
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If a DM dog is stable, what insulin is good to start with?
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SQ vetsulin or NPH
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What type of food do you give with DM?
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-consistent
-avoid wet food -high fiber |
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What should you do after the fist 3-4 days of insulin therapy?
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perform a 12 hour glucose curve
-give insulin and feed normal meal in A> -measure blood glucose Q2 hours for 12 hours -feed afternoon meal at normal time |
