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An action or behavior that violates social norms, including a formally enacted rule as well as informal violations of social norms

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DEVIANCE

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Latin phrase meaning wrong or evil in itself

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Mala in se

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Latin phrase used in law to refer to conduct constitutes an unlawful act only by virtue of statue

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Mala prohibita

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Who claimed that deviance was in fact a necessary part of organization

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Emile Durkheim

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Describes as a certain set of rules and standards in society that keeps individuals bound to conventional standards as well as to the use of formalized mechanism

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SOCIAL CONTROL

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Refers to the outward conformity to social pressure but privately disagreeing with it

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Compliance

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Refers to the individual adopting a certain behavior because it enables him to have a satisfying relationship with the members of his or her group

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Identification

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Involves both public compliance and internal acceptance of the norms and standards imposed by the group

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Internalization and acceptance

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Primarily composed of the father the mother and children.

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Nuclear family

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Is not only composed of the nuclear family but also close relatives living within the same residence

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Extend family

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Term used to describe the process of being socialized into a specific culture

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Enculturation

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A distinctive characteristic that defines an individual or shared by those belonging to a particular group

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Identity

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refers to the complex whole which include beliefs, practices, attitudes, values, laws, and morals and any other capabilities of man acquired in his lifetime as a member of society

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Culture

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Loosely defined as a society's way of life, provides the basis of forging identities

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Refers to a group of people living together in a community

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Society

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Refers to all tangible things that man is using throughout his life time

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Material culture

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Refers to the ways of doing things including folkways and belief systems including patterns of communication

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Non material culture

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Studies human origin as well as the interplay between social factors and the process of human evolution, adaptation, and variation over time

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Biological or physical anthropology

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Studies culture variations across different societies and examine to understand each culture well

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Cultural anthropology

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Deals with prehistoric or ancient societies by studying their tools and environment.

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Archeology

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Studies language and discourse and how they reflect and shape different aspects of human society and culture

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Linguistics

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Studies contemporary cultures

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Ethnology

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Studies social patterns and practices and cultural variations develop across different societies

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Social anthropology

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Defined by Anthony giddens as "the study of human social life, groups and society"

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Sociology

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An academic discipline that attempts to provide a deeper assessment of individual and group behavior as well as social phenomena, by examining the interplay between economic, political and social factors

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A systematic study of politics, which andrew Heywood describes as"the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rule under which they live"

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Political science

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Culture

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Identity

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Biological or physical anthropology

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Archeology

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IS A GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS SHARING A COMMON CULTURE, GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION, AND GOVERNMENT. HUMAN BEINGS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE NATURALLY INCLINED TO ESTABLISH SOCIETIES, SINCE IT IS IN INTERACTING WITH OTHERS THAT THEY ARE ABLE TO ENSURE THEIR SURVIVAL BY ESTABLISHING MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH ONE ANOTHER.

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Society

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SOCIETIES THAT RELY PRIMARILY OR EXCLUSIVELY ON HUNTING WILD ANIMALS, FISHING, AND GATHERING WILD FRUITS, BERRIES, NUTS, AND VEGETABLES TO SUPPORT THEIR DIET. UNTIL HUMANS BEGAN TO DOMESTICATE AND ANIMALS ABOUT TEN THOUSAND YEARS AGO, ALL HUMAN SOCIETIES WERE HUNTER-GATHERERS.

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Hunting and gathering

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DIFFERENTIATED FROM AGRARIAN SOCIETIES BY THEIR LACK OF PLOWS AND ANIMAL TRACTION, AND FROM PASTORAL SOCIETIES BECAUSE THEY DO NOT MAKE DOMESTICATED HERD ANIMALS THE MAIN BASIS OF SUBSISTENCE.

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Horticultural and pastoral

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IS ANY SOCIETY WHOSE ECONOMY IS BASED ON PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING CROPS AND FARMLAND. ANOTHER WAY TO DEFINE AN AGRARIAN SOCIETY IS BY SEEING HOW MUCH OF A NATION'S TOTAL PRODUCTION IS IN AGRICULTURE.

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Agricultural societies

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IS A SOCIETY DRIVEN BY THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY TO ENABLE MASS PRODUCTION, SUPPORTING A LARGE POPULATION WITH A HIGH CAPACITY FOR DIVISION OF LABOR.

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Industrial societies

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IS A SOCIETY WHERE KNOWLEDGE IS A COMMODITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IS A KEY TO LONG-LASTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.

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Post-Industrial society

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PRIMARY CATEGORIES OF CULTURE

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Material and non material

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ALL TANGIBLE OBJECTS PRODUCED, SHARED, AND UTILIZED WITHIN A SOCIETY WHICH INCLUDES TOOLS, WEAPONRY, AND TOYS. EXAMPLE: BOW AND ARROW(PANA), KAMPILAN, PLOW ETC.

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Material culture

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CONSISTS OF ALL THE INTANGIBLE PROPERTIES AND ELEMENTS OF SOCIETY THAT INFLUENCE THE PATTERNS OF ACTION AND BEHAVIOR OF ITS MEMBERS. EXAMPLE: LANGUAGE, BELIEFS, VALUES, ATTITUDES, IDEAS, AND NORMS, FOLKLORE; WHICH COMES IN THE FORM OF MYTHS, LEGENDS, FOLKTALES, PROVERBS, AND RIDDLES

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Non material culture

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REFERS TO THINGS THAT CONVEY MEANING OR REPRESENT AN IDEA

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Symbols

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IS A SET OF SYMBOLS THAT ENABLES MEMBERS OF SOCIETY TO COMMUNICATE VERBALLY OR NON-VERBALLY.

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Language

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ARE SHARED IDEAS , NORMS, AND PRINCIPLES THAT PROVIDE MEMBERS OF SOCIETY THE STANDARDS THAT PERTAIN TO WHAT IS RIGHT OR WRONG, GOOD OR BAD, DESIRABLE OR UNDESIRABLE.

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Values

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ARE SHARED RULES OF CONDUCT THAT DETERMINE SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR AMONG SOCIETY MEMBERS.

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Norms

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ARE NORMS THAT MAY BE VIOLATED WITHOUT SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES.

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Folkways

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ARE NORMS WITH MORAL CONNOTATIONS AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS

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Mores

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ARE NORMS THAT ARE LEGALLY ENACTED AND ENFORCED

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Laws

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REFERS TO THE LIFELONG PROCESS OF FORGING IDENTITY THROUGH SOCIAL INTERACTION.

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Socialization

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REFERS TO THE PROCESS BY WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL LEARNS OR ACQUIRES THE IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF HIS OR HER SOCIETY’S CULTURE.

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ENCULTURATION

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THE PROCESS OF CULTURE AND IDENTITY FORMATION WITHIN SOCIETY IS FACILITATED THROUGH

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Socialization and enculturation

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ARE TWO MAJOR VIEWS WITH REGARD TO HOW CULTURES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN COMPARISON TO OTHER CULTURE

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Relativistic approach and ethnocentric approach

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CONSIDERS CULTURES AS EQUAL, THERE ARE NO “SUPERIOR” OR “INFERIOR” CULTURES BECAUSE EACH IS UNIQUE IN ITS OWN WAY.

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Relativistic approach

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IS THE BELIEF THAT ONE’S NATIVE CULTURE IS SUPERIOR TO OTHER CULTURES

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Ethnocentric approach

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IS THE TENDENCY TO REGARD ONE’S OWN CULTURE AS THE BEST COMPARED TO OTHERS.

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Ethnocentric

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IS THE TENDENCY TO CONSIDER THEIR CULTURE AS INFERIOR COMPARED TO OTHERS,

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Xenocentrism

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RECOGNIZES AND ACCEPTS THE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOCIETIES

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Cultural relativism

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RELATES CULTURE WITH THE OVERALL CONTEXT OF SOCIAL ORDER. THERE ARE VARIOUS SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES THAT EXPLAIN THIS ORDER

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Sociology

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OPERATES ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT SOCIETY IS A STABLE AND ORDERLY SYSTEM. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISTS CONSIDER CULTURE AS A GLUE THAT BINDS SOCIETY TOGETHER, LEADING TO SOCIAL ORDER.

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Structural functionalism

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ASSUMES THAT THERE IS A CONSTANT POWER STRUGGLE AMONG THE VARIOUS SOCIAL GROUPS. THEY CLAIM THAT CULTURES WITH DOMINANT CLASSES TEND DOMINATE EFFECTIVE TO IMPOSE SOCIAL ORDER.

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Conflict theory

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VIEWS INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AS DEFINING FEATURES OF SOCIETY. THEY BELIEVE THAT CULTURE PROVIDE SHARED MEANINGS TO THE MEMBERS OF SOCIETY. THE MORE MEANINGS SHARED, THE MORE SOCIETY ENSURES SOCIAL ORDER.

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Symbolic interactionalism

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ALSO EXAMINES CULTURE AS A VITAL ASPECT OF SOCIETY. CULTURE, TOGETHER WITH POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION, IS ANALYZED IN ORDER TO EXPLAIN POLITICAL BEHAVIOR SUCH AS VOTING PATTERNS AND THE BEHAVIOR OF LEADERS.

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Political science

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AN IDEOLOGY THAT ACKNOWLEDGES AND PROMOTES CULTURAL DIVERSITY WITHIN SOCIETY.

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Multiculturalism

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A CONCEPT THAT ADVANCES AWARENESS AND ACCEPTANCE OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES BUT ENCOURAGES A CRITICAL STANCE IN DEALING ISSUES REGARDING DIVERSITY.

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Cultural sensitivity

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5 MAJOR SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

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1. FAMILY 2. EDUCATION 3. RELIGION 4. ECONOMY 5. GOVERNMENT & LAW

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is a type of family wherein both spouses have children from previous marital relationships.

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Reconstituted

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is one in which the authority is vested in the oldest male in the family, often the father. The sons, especially the eldest, enjoy prestige and privileges. The males speak for the familial group with regard to property relationships, legal obligations, and criminal offenses.

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Patriarchal

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is one in which the authority is vested in the mother or the mother’s kin. This type is found in few societies. In many societies, however, individual families in which the mother dominates the household can be found.

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Matriarchal

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is one in which the husband and wife exercise a more or less equal amount of authority.

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Equalitarian

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is a recently-emerged type and is usually found in the suburbs of the United States. Its emergence is attributed to the fact that in suburban families, the father commutes and therefore is absent for the greater part of the day. His prolonged absence gives the mother a dominant position in the family. However, the father also shares with the mother in decision-making.

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Matricentric

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which affiliates a person with a group of relatives who are related to him/her through his/her father. The child has also well-defined relationships with his mother’s kin, but when he finds it necessary to seek aid, he turns to his father’s kin.

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Patrilineal descent

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which affiliates a person with a group of kinsmen related to him/her through his/her mother.

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Matrilineal descent

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which affiliates a person with a group of kinsmen related to him/her through both his/her parents.

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Bilateral descent

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it is a collection of individuals who have relations with one another to make them interdependent to some significant degree.

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Social group

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believed that man is a social animal. This means human beings are naturally equipped with tools such as language and reason that enable them to engage others in a meaningful interactions.

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Plato

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means a necessary condition that exists within social groups because it is what enables its members to pursue shared goals or promote common values and principles.

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Interdependence

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a mere collection of people within a particular place and time.

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Aggregate

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is a small, intimate, and less specialized group whose members engage in face-to-face and emotion based interactions over an extended period of time. Examples of primary groups include the family, close friends, work-related peers, classmates, and church groups. Primary groups are the first groups where an individual experiences his or her initial encounter with social affinity and belongingness. • A secondary groups, in contrast, are larger, less intimate, and more specialize

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Primary group

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in contrast, are larger, less intimate, and more specialized groups where members engage in an impersonal and objective-oriented relationship for a limited time. Unlike primary groups, the level of interaction and interdependence within secondary groups is not deep and significant. Examples are employees in the workplace, professional relationships between doctors and patients, a large corporations with their stockholders and shareholders

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Secondary groups

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Is a group through which one belongs and with which one feels a sense of identity. Example; fraternity and sorority

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In-group

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is a group to which one does not belong and to which he or she may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

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Out-group

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is a group to which an individual compares himself or herself. Such groups strongly influence an individual’s behavior and social attitudes whether he or she is a member of these group. Examples of reference groups include an individual primary groups (family, work colleagues, schoolmate, etc.) or his or her in-groups ( church, fellow club members, neighbors in the community, sports team, etc.). The reference group is considered a source of role models since the individual uses it as a standard for self-assessment.

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Reference group

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refers to the structure of relationship between social actors or groups. These are interconnection, ties, and linkages between people, their groups, and the larger social institutions which they belong to.

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Social network

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HE FRENCH SOCIAL PHILOSOPHER WHO COINED THE TERM SOCIOLOGY?

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August comte