Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Suez Canal
|
1869
◦Connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea to expand international trade between European countries and their colonies in Asia and Africa ◦Modernizes Egypt but expenses used to maintain communication networks and irrigation projects enable Britain to oversee the canal’s financial affairs and then occupy Egypt ◦Becomes Britain’s “Lifeline of the Empire” as it brings quicker access to its colonies in Africa and Asia |
|
|
Panama Canal
|
1914
◦Creates a worldwide network of trade by connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans ◦Latin America becomes a crossroads of world trade ◦Malaria and yellow fever are controlled ◦United States maintains a political and economic presence in Latin America by controlling the canal until 1977 |
|
|
John Locke
|
people have the natural ability to govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society; endowed with the natural rights of life, liberty and property; people can overthrow a government that does not protect these rights
|
|
|
Thomas Hobbes
|
social contract theory – people create government and give up their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order – absolute monarchy
|
|
|
Baron Charles de Monstequieu
|
separation of powers – three branches of government and checks and balances on these powers
|
|
|
Voltaire
|
Believed in freedom of speech and freedom of religion
|
|
|
Jean Jacques Rousseau
|
the general will, usually defined as the majority, should determine the laws of the nation
|
|
|
John Calvin
|
government and religion should be interrelated; divinity and worship should be applied to uphold the laws of man
|
|
|
Thomas Jefferson
|
people are born with certain God-given rights that cannot be taken away; people have the right to rebel against an unjust ruler
|
|
|
William Blackstone
|
people have the right to property as “sole and despotic dominion which one man claims and exercises over the external things of the world.”
|
|
|
William Wilberforce
|
(1759-1833) – British politician who successfully led the movement to abolish slavery in Great Britain In 1807, the Slave Trade Act of 1807 led to the end of the African slave trade. Shortly before his death in 1833, Parliament passed the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 that ended slavery in most of the British Empire.
|
|
|
Equality
|
the belief that all men (individuals) are equal in regards to their political rights
|
|
|
Liberty
|
freedom, the ability to make choices; not to be oppressed by the government or by any social or economic classes
|
|
|
Popular Sovereignty
|
the concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, or abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation.
|
|
|
Democracy
|
Government controlled by its citizens, either directly or indirectly (Ancient Athens)
|
|
|
Human Rights
|
include inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, as well as freedom of speech, religion, and the press. While each government or culture determines the rights for their society, human rights tend to cross cultural barriers.
|
|
|
Constitutionalism
|
the idea that the basic principles and laws of a government should be organized and administered through compliance with a written or unwritten constitution
|
|
|
Nationalism
|
devotion to the interests or culture of one's nation; the belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals; aspirations for national independence in a country under foreign domination
|
|
|
English Bill of Rights
|
◦Limitations on absolute monarch
◦No suspension of Parliament’s laws ◦No levying of taxes without Parliament’s ◦No suspension of freedom of speech in Parliament ◦Citizens have right to petition king with grievances |
|
|
Declaration of Independence
|
◦Unalienable rights – life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness
◦Governments established to protect these rights ◦People have the right to change or abolish a government that does not protect their rights |
|
|
Declaration fo the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
|
◦Men are born and remain free and equal in rights that include liberty, property, security, and freedom from oppression
◦Governments have the goal of preserving these rights ◦Freedom of religion, freedom of speech, equal justice to all citizens ◦“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” |
|
|
US Constitution
|
◦Powers divided among three branches of government
◦Checks and balances between the three branches of government ◦Federal system of government where power is divided between the state and national governments ◦ Creation of representative government ◦Limits on the powers of government ◦Popular election of executive and legislators ◦Bill of Rights that protects personal freedoms, including those of speech, religion, the press, and of petition |
|
|
Isaac Newton
|
(1642-1727) – an English mathematician and physicist who devised principles to explain universal gravitation, that all matter attracts other matter. He adapted the ideas of Galileo Galilei into three laws of motion including “for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.” Instead of explaining natural occurrences as the actions of a powerful (and sometimes angry) God, he applied reason and rationality to the natural phenomenon and showed how all matter was part of a whole.
|
|
|
Copernicus
|
(1473-1543) – proposed the theory that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the solar system in 1507, and that the Earth was really insignificant in the context of the universe.
|
|
|
Pythagoras
|
(ca. 580-500 BC) – a Greek philosopher and mathematician credited with the discovery that numbers are useful for more than counting physical things. Mathematical ideas or formulas could help establish patterns in the apparently chaotic nature in which he lived. Modern scientific theory is based on mathematical ideas associated with Pythagoras.
|
|
|
Robert Boyle
|
(1627-1691) – English physicist and chemist who discovered the nature of elements and compounds, the basis of modern Chemistry
|
|
|
Marie Curie
|
(1867-1934) – proved that radioactivity, when properly applied, was an effective treatment of some diseases.
|
|
|
Thomas Edison
|
(1847-1931) – one of the greatest inventors of all time, received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, and improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone, and motion picture equipment
|
|
|
James Watt
|
Improved the steam powered engine so that it was more dependable and easier to use, which influenced the Industrial Revolution.
|
|
|
Adam Smith
|
Capitalist economist that wrote The Wealth of Nations.
|
|
|
Wealth of Nations
|
Written by Adam Smith in which he exaplained the Capitalist economic system
|
|
|
Free Enterprise System
|
an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned. Competition is based on free enterprise. Supply, demand, and prices, not politics, determine the answers to the economic questions of how, what, and for whom to produce. Characteristics include: economic freedom, voluntary exchange, competition, private property, and the profit motive.
|
|
|
Karl Marx
|
Co-wrote The Communist Manifesto
|
|
|
Socialism
|
an economic system in which government owns some factors of production and participates in answering the economic question of how, what, and to whom to produce. Politics play a role in the operation of the economy, and it is often less efficient.
◦French reformers Charles Fourier and Saint-Simon start an effort to offset the effects of industrialization and ownership of private property ◦Utopian socialists like Robert Owen – self-sustaining communes that seceded from capitalist societies |
|
|
Communism
|
◦Developed by Karl Marx as a more extreme form of socialism. He and Engels wrote Communist Manifesto in which they described a form of socialism in which there was no wage labor or private ownership of land or capital.
◦Communism as a classless society ◦Proletariat (working class) should replace the ruling bourgeoisie; class conflict and revolutionary struggle necessary for a proletarian victory and communist society ◦Decisions on what should be produced made on the best interests of collective society |
|
|
Napoleon Bonaparte
|
Military leader during the French Revolution that took power and crowned himself Emperor. Tried unsuccessfully to spread the French Empire throughout the world.
|
|
|
Simon Bolivar
|
start a revolution against Spanish rulers in Colombia and Venezuela.
|
|
|
Miguel Hidalgo
|
led the Mexican Revolution
|
|
|
Glorious Revolution
|
A bloodless revolution that resulted in Great Britain becoming a limited monarchy.
|
|
|
The Enlightenment
|
An intellectual movement that applied reason and scientific method to laws that shaped human actions.
|
|
|
Bolsheviks
|
A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November, 1917
|
|
|
Fascism
|
A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule.
|
|
|
Theocracy
|
A government in which the ruler is seen as a divine ruler. Also, a government controlled by religious leaders.
|
|
|
Absolute Monarchy
|
king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society (Louis XIV of France)
|
|
|
Oligarchy
|
Rule by a few, especially when rule is based on wealth (Greek city-states)
|
|
|
Republic
|
Power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by the people (Roman Republic; United States)
|
|
|
Limited Monarchy
|
laws limit the power of a ruler (constitutional monarchy) (England after the Glorious Revolution)
|
|
|
Laizze-Faire
|
A governmental approach to economics in which the government adopts a hand off approach to the control of the economy. Found in capitalism
|
|
|
Seperation of Powers
|
the belief that power should not rest in the hands of one or few, but should be delegated
|
|
|
System of Checks and Balances
|
measures designed to prevent one branch of government from becoming more powerful than the others
|
|
|
Secular
|
of or pertaining to worldly things or to things that are NOt regarded as religious, spiritual, or sacred
|
|
|
Urban
|
Describing the city
|
|
|
Rural
|
Describing the countryside
|
